Internet, nouvel espace citoyen pour les personnes du troisième âge ?

Depuis quelques années déjà, la tendance démographique de nos sociétés postindustrielles révèle que les personnes du troisième âge occupent et occuperont un poids important au sein de la société. Pourtant, ce poids est inversement proportionnel à la place et au rôle que la société leur reconnaît. Considérées comme des « aînés », des retraités, des « vieux », les personnes du troisième âge sont exclues et se sentent exclues des enjeux sociaux de la société de l’information. Le préjugé tenace selon lequel ces personnes ne savent pas utiliser les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) semble peu fondé. D’ailleurs, la recherche menée sur une durée de trois ans nous aura permis de constater l’émergence d’un nouveau type de personnes âgées que nous appelons les « néo-vieux ». Ils constituent une population branchée qui utilise les technologies en contredisant parfois les préjugés que l’on peut entretenir à leur sujet. Ils constituent aussi une population impliquée dans la société comme dans la cellule familiale, puisque l’utilisation des TIC leur permet, d’une part, de jouir d’une mobilité qui réconcilie leurs besoins individuels et leur désir d’engagement dans l’espace citoyen et, d’autre part, d’entretenir une relation intergénérationnelle qui favorise la transmission de valeurs. Ainsi, en abordant les trois thématiques suivantes, soit l’exclusion, l’engagement familial et l’engagement social, nous montrerons que les personnes du troisième âge utilisent les technologies de l’information pour entrer de plain-pied dans la société de l’information.In the last years already, the demographic trend in our post-industrial societies reveals that senior citizens are occupying an increasingly important weight within the society. However, this weight is inversely proportional to the place and role that the society recognizes for them. Considered as elderly, retired and old, senior citizens are excluded or feel excluded from the information society’s social challenges. The persistent bias to the effect that these persons do not know how to use the information and communication technologies (ICTs) appears to be unfounded. In fact, the three-year research has allowed us to discover a new elderly type that we call the “new-old.” They are a connected population who uses ICTs, and Internet in particular, in a way that is opposite to the usual bias entertained about them. They make up a population group involved in the society as well as in the family cell, since their use of ICTs allows for a greater mobility that reconciles their individual needs and their desire to involve themselves in the citizen’s space, and on the other hand, to entertain an intergeneration relation that favours value transfers. In this way, and in taking up the following three thematics, exclusion, family commitment and social commitment, we will demonstrate that senior citizens use the ICTs to deliberately enter the information society

L'usage et le fonctionnement du mot "virtuel" dans le discours cyberculturel

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Le lyrisme à l'époque de son retour

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Thèses et mémoires - FAS - Département de littérature comparée

Maintenant nous te parlons, ne dedaigne pas nous ecouter Petitions et Relation Speciale entre les Premieres Nations et la Couronne au Canada, 1840-1860

This thesis analyzes the concept of the special relationship between First Nations and the Crown through the evolution of political relations between the colonial state and Indigenous communities in the Province of Canada from the 1840s to 1860s. It explores how this special relationship is linked with the evolution of the Department of Indian Affairs, and the way it was transposed into a new policy based on the protection and civilization of Indigenous people. A comparative study of petitions addressed to the Crown by Innus of the Kings Posts and Anishinaabe on the north shore of Lakes Huron and Superior, this dissertation examines the political discourse and the power dynamic that emerged between the centre of the state administration and Indigenous communities on the margins of colonial space. Faced with increasing pressures of colonial expansion, these communities mobilized a political discourse based on the special relationship with the Crown in order to spur state action and negotiate their integration within the colonial space to preserves a nation-to-nation relation. Revisiting the evolution of Indian policy and the role of the governor after the adoption of responsible government, this thesis sheds light on the reasons why two different approaches regarding 19th century land claims were adopted in each section of the Province of Canada. Finally, it deals with political action and Indigenous resistance to the policies and laws put in place by the colonial state at the turn of the 1850s-1860s, as well as their opposition to the transfer of the Department of Indian Affairs from London to the colony. In doing so, it demonstrates that the communication channels maintained by the First Nations through petitioning opened a space to put forward discursive forms of resistance to colonial policies, but also to participatewithin the limits of their exclusion from the political sphere, to the redefinition of Indian politics in the middle of the 19thcentury

L'historiographie des Rébellions de 1837-1838 au XXe siècle : débats et rôle structurant dans la construction des grandes représentations de l'histoire du Québec

Ce mémoire révèle le rôle joué par les représentations historiennes d'un des moments clefs de notre histoire, les Rébellions de 1837-1838, dans la structuration des grands récits – ou métarécits – dont s'est dotée la société québécoise au cours du XXe siècle. En démontrant que la question de la laïcité/religiosité a servi aux historiens à ranger les Patriotes dans le camp des apôtres de la société traditionnelle ou encore dans celui des pionniers de la modernité, cette étude permet de mesurer les variations dans le discours et d'établir ainsi une nouvelle classification de la production historique en fonction des philosophies de l'histoire plutôt que des « Écoles » historiques. L'analyse des interprétations des Rébellions les plus marquantes au XXe siècle permet de distinguer trois principaux métarécits : un national, un libéral et un républicain. Ciblant les interprétations des événements de 1837-1838 qui participent d'une philosophie de l'histoire cohérente et significative, ce mémoire classe les œuvres des historiens Lionel Groulx, Gérard Filteau, Maurice Séguin, Fernand Ouellet, Yvan Lamonde, Allan Greer, Louis-Georges Harvey et Gérard Bouchard à l'intérieur de ces métarécits qu'elles contribuent par ailleurs à définir et à alimenter. Chacun à leur manière, ces historiens ont formulé des interprétations globales de l'histoire québécoise en fonction de certains principes fondamentaux qui structurent les métarécits (une référence, un temps, une fin de l'histoire, des idéologies, etc.). Travaillant consciemment ou non à adapter les événements à une trame narrative orientée, ils élaborent des interprétations qui influencent de manière significative leur(s) lecture(s) des Rébellions. Sorte de baromètre sensible à ces variations du sens accordé à l'épisode insurrectionnel, la question de la religion des Patriotes permet de mettre en évidence les différentes caractéristiques des trois grands métarécits québécois.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Rébellions de 1837-1838, Patriotes, historiographie, philosophie de l'histoire, métarécit, religion

Impact of plasma Lp-PLA2 activity on the progression of aortic stenosis : the PROGRESSA study.

Objectives : The purpose of this prospective study was to examine the relationship between plasma lipoprotein–associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity and the progression rate of aortic stenosis (AS). Background : We recently reported that Lp-PLA2 is highly expressed in stenotic aortic valves where it may contribute to the mineralization of valvular interstitial cells. Methods : Patients with AS were prospectively recruited in the PROGRESSA (Metabolic Determinants of the Progression of Aortic Stenosis) study. AS progression rate was assessed by annualized increase in peak aortic jet velocity (Vpeak), mean gradient (MG), and aortic valve area index (AVAi). Circulating Lp-PLA2 activity was measured and dichotomized based on the median value. Results : Of 183 patients included in this subanalysis of the PROGRESSA study, 70% were men and the mean age was 66 ± 13 years. Over the 2.5 ± 1.4 years of follow up, the AS progression rate tended to be higher in patients with high versus low Lp-PLA2 activity (annualized Vpeak = 0.17 ± 0.23 m/s vs. 0.12 ± 0.18 m/s; p = 0.14). There was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between baseline AS severity and Lp-PLA2 activity with respect to impact on AS progression rate. In patients with mild AS (i.e., Vpeak <3 m/s; n = 123), increased Lp-PLA2 activity was associated with a significantly faster AS progression rate (Vpeak 0.16 ± 0.18 m/s vs. 0.09 ± 0.14 m/s; p = 0.01) but not in patients with moderate or severe AS (p = 0.99). After adjustment for other risk factors, increased Lp-PLA2 activity remained independently associated with faster AS progression rate (p = 0.005) in the former subset. Conclusions : There was no significant association between plasma Lp-PLA2 activity or mass and stenosis progression in the whole cohort. However, increased Lp-PLA2 activity was associated with a faster stenosis progression rate in the subset of patients with mild AS. These findings provide an impetus for the elaboration of a randomized trial targeting Lp-PLA2 activity in patients with early stages of calcific aortic valve disease

Effect of age and aortic valve anatomy on calcification and haemodynamic severity of aortic stenosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of age and aortic valve anatomy (tricuspid (TAV) vs bicuspid (BAV) aortic valve) on the relationship between the aortic valve calcification (AVC) and the haemodynamic parameters of aortic stenosis (AS) severity. METHODS: Two hundred patients with AS and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction were prospectively recruited in the PROGRESSA (Metabolic Determinants of the Progression of Aortic Stenosis) study and underwent a comprehensive Doppler echocardiography and multidetector CT (MDCT). Mean transvalvular gradient (MG) measured by Doppler echocardiography was used to assess AS haemodynamic severity and AVC was evaluated by MDCT using the Agatston method and indexed to the left ventricular outflow tract area to obtain AVC density (AVCd). All analyses were adjusted for sex. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients had a BAV and 161 a TAV. Median age was 51 and 72 years for BAV and TAV patients, respectively. There was a modest correlation between MG and AVCd (p=0.51, p<0.0001) in the whole cohort. After dichotomisation for valve anatomy, there was a good correlation between AVCd and MG in the TAV group (p=0.61, p<0.0001) but weak correlation in the BAV group (p=0.32, p=0.046). In the TAV group, the strength of the AVCd-MG correlation was similar in younger (<72 years old; p=0.59, p<0.0001) versus older (=72 years old; p=0.61, p<0.0001) patients. In the BAV group, there was no correlation between AVCd and MG in younger patients (<51 years old; p=0.12, p=0.65), whereas there was a good correlation in older patients (=51 years old; p=0.55, p=0.009). AVCd (p=0.005) and age (p=0.02) were both independent determinants of MG in BAV patients while AVCd (p<0.0001) was the only independent determinant of MG in TAV patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with TAV as well as in older patients with BAV, AVCd appears to be the main factor significantly associated with the haemodynamic severity of AS and so it may be used to corroborate AS severity in case of uncertain or discordant findings at echocardiography. However, among younger patients with BAV, some may have a haemodynamically significant stenosis with minimal AVCd. The results of MDCT AVCd should thus be interpreted cautiously in this subset of patients

Visceral adiposity and left ventricular mass and function in patients with aortic stenosis : the PROGRESSA study

Background : Recent studies have reported that obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are associated with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) and dysfunction in patients with aortic stenosis (AS). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between amount and distribution of body fat and LVH and systolic dysfunction in AS patients. Methods : One hundred twenty-four patients with AS were prospectively recruited in the PROGRESSA (Metabolic Determinants of the Progression of Aortic Stenosis) study and underwent Doppler echocardiography and computed tomography scan. Presence and severity of LVH was assessed according to LV mass indexed for height2.7 and LV dysfunction according to global longitudinal strain (GLS). Computed tomography was used to quantify abdominal visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue, and total adipose tissue (TAT). Results : Body mass index (BMI) correlated strongly with TAT (r = 0.85), moderately with VAT (r = 0.70), and SAT (r = 0.69), and weakly with the proportion of VAT (VAT/TAT ratio: r = 0.19). In univariate analysis, greater BMI, TAT, VAT, SAT, and VAT/TAT were associated with increased LV mass index and greater VAT and VAT/TAT ratio were associated with reduced GLS. Multivariate analysis revealed that larger BMI (P < 0.0001) and greater VAT/TAT ratio (P = 0.01) were independently associated with higher prevalence of LVH, and only the VAT/TAT ratio (P = 0.03) was independently associated with reduced GLS. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that total and visceral adiposity are independently associated with LVH in patients with AS. Furthermore, impairment of LV systolic function does not appear to be influenced by total obesity but is rather related to excess visceral adiposity. These findings provide impetus for elaboration of interventional studies aiming at visceral adiposity in the AS population.De récentes études ont rapporté que l’obésité, le syndrome métabolique et le diabète étaient associés à l’hypertrophie (HVG) et à la dysfonction ventriculaire gauche des patients souffrant d’une sténose aortique (SA). Le but de cette étude était d’examiner le lien entre la quantité et la répartition de la graisse corporelle, l’HVG et la dysfonction systolique chez les patients souffrant d’une SA. Méthodes : Cent vingt-quatre patients souffrant d’une SA ont été recrutés de manière prospective dans l’étude PROGRESSA (Metabolic Determinants of the Progression of Aortic Stenosis), et ont subi une échocardiographie Doppler et une tomodensitométrie. La présence et la sévérité de l’HVG ont été évaluées au moyen de la masse VG indexée par la taille2.7 et la dysfonction systolique du VG par la déformation longitudinale globale du VG (DLG). La tomodensitométrie a été utilisée pour quantifier le tissu adipeux abdominal viscéral (TAV) et sous-cutané (TAS), et le tissu adipeux total (TAT). Résultats : L’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) corrélait fortement avec le TAT (r = 0,85), modérément avec le TAV (r = 0,70) et le TAS (r = 0,69), et faiblement avec la proportion de TAV (rapport TAV/TAT : r = 0,19). En analyse multivariée, des IMC, TAT, TAV, TAS et VAT/TAT plus élevés étaient associés à une augmentation de la masse VG indexée et un TAV et un rapport TAV/TAT plus élevés étaient associés à la réduction de la DLG. L’analyse multivariée a révélé qu’un IMC plus élevé (P < 0,0001) et un rapport TAV/TAT plus élevé (P = 0,01) étaient indépendamment associés à une HVG plus importante, et seul un rapport TAV/TAT était indépendamment associé à une réduction de la DLG. Conclusions : Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’adiposité totale et l'adiposité viscérale sont indépendamment associées à une HVG chez les patients souffrant d’une SA. De plus, la détérioration de la fonction systolique VG ne semble pas être influencée par l’obésité totale, mais est plutôt liée à une adiposité viscérale excessive. Ces résultats incitent à l’élaboration d’études interventionnelles visant l’adiposité viscérale dans la population souffrant de SA

Association of Long-term Exposure to Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels With Parental Life Span, Chronic Disease-Free Survival, and Mortality Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) levels are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The association between high Lp(a) levels and human longevity phenotypes is, however, controversial. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether genetically determined Lp(a) levels are associated with parental life span and chronic disease-free survival (health span) and the association between Lp(a) levels and long-term, all-cause mortality risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this genetic association study, cross-sectional mendelian randomization (UK Biobank [2006-2010] and LifeGen Consortium) and prospective analyses (European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk [1993-1997, with patients followed up to 2016]) were conducted using individual-level data on 139 362 participants. The association between a weighted genetic risk score of 26 independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the LPA locus on parental life span using individual participant data from the UK Biobank, as well as with summary statistics of a genome-wide association study of more than 1 million life spans (UK Biobank and LifeGen), were examined. The association between these single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the age at the end of the health span was tested using summary statistics of a previous genome-wide association study in the UK Biobank. The association between Lp(a) levels and all-cause mortality in the EPIC-Norfolk study was also investigated. Data were analyzed from December 2018 to December 2019. EXPOSURES: Genetically determined and measured Lp(a) levels. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Parental life span, health span, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: In 139 362 white British participants (mean [SD] age, 62.8 [3.9] years; 52% women) from the UK Biobank, increases in the genetic risk score (weighted for a 50-mg/dL increase in Lp[a] levels) were inversely associated with a high parental life span (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.94; P = 2.7 × 10-8). Using the Egger-mendelian randomization method, a negative association between LPA single-nucleotide polymorphisms and parental life span (mean [SD] Egger-mendelian randomization slope, -0.0019 [0.0002]; P = 2.22 × 10-18) and health span (-0.0019 [0.0003]; P = 3.00 × 10-13) was noted. In 18 720 participants from EPIC-Norfolk (5686 cases), the mortality risk for those with Lp(a) levels equal to or above the 95th percentile was equivalent to being 1.5 years older in chronologic age (β coefficient [SE], 0.194 [0.064]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this study suggest a potential causal effect of absolute Lp(a) levels on human longevity as defined by parental life span, health span, and all-cause mortality. The results also provide a rationale for trials of Lp(a)-lowering therapy in individuals with high Lp(a) levels