13 research outputs found

    Long-Term Stability of Thin-Film Pd-Based Supported Membranes

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    Membrane reactors have demonstrated a large potential for the production of hydrogen via reforming of different feedstocks in comparison with other reactor types. However, the long-term performance and stability of the applied membranes are extremely important for the possible industrial exploitation of these reactors. This study investigates the long-term stability of thin-film Pd-Ag membranes supported on porous Al2O3 supports. The stability of five similarly prepared membranes have been investigated for 2650 h, up to 600 掳C and in fluidized bed conditions. Results show the importance and the contribution of the sealing of the membranes at temperatures up to 500 掳C. At higher temperatures the membranes surface deformation results in pinhole formation and a consequent decrease in selectivity. Stable operation of the membranes in a fluidized bed is observed up to 450 掳C, however, at higher temperatures the scouring action of the particles under fluidization causes significant deformation of the palladium surface resulting in a decreased selectivity.The presented work is funded within BIONICO. This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 671459. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union鈥檚 Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, Hydrogen Europe and N.ERGHY

    Recent Advances in Pd-Based Membranes for Membrane Reactors

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    Palladium-based membranes for hydrogen separation have been studied by several research groups during the last 40 years. Much effort has been dedicated to improving the hydrogen flux of these membranes employing different alloys, supports, deposition/production techniques, etc. High flux and cheap membranes, yet stable at different operating conditions are required for their exploitation at industrial scale. The integration of membranes in multifunctional reactors (membrane reactors) poses additional demands on the membranes as interactions at different levels between the catalyst and the membrane surface can occur. Particularly, when employing the membranes in fluidized bed reactors, the selective layer should be resistant to or protected against erosion. In this review we will also describe a novel kind of membranes, the pore-filled type membranes prepared by Pacheco Tanaka and coworkers that represent a possible solution to integrate thin selective membranes into membrane reactors while protecting the selective layer. This work is focused on recent advances on metallic supports, materials used as an intermetallic diffusion layer when metallic supports are used and the most recent advances on Pd-based composite membranes. Particular attention is paid to improvements on sulfur resistance of Pd based membranes, resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and stability at high temperature.The presented work is funded within Reforcell (grant agreement No. 278997) and FERRET (grant agreement No. 621181) projects as part of European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative

    Ultra-pure hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition in a catalytic membrane reactor

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    In this work two alternatives are presented for increasing the purity of hydrogen produced in a membrane reactor for ammonia decomposition. It is experimentally demonstrated that either increasing the thickness of the membrane selective layer or using a small purification unit in the permeate of the membranes, ultra-pure hydrogen can be produced. Specifically, the results show that increasing the membrane thickness above 6 渭m ultra-pure hydrogen can be obtained at pressures below 5 bar. A cheaper solution, however, consists in the use of an adsorption bed downstream the membrane reactor. In this way, ultra-pure hydrogen can be achieved with higher reactor pressures, lower temperatures and thinner membranes, which result in lower reactor costs. A possible process diagram is also reported showing that the regeneration of the adsorption bed can be done by exploiting the heat available in the system and thus introducing no additional heat sources.This project receives support from the European Union鈥檚 Horizon 2020 research and nnovation under grant agreement No. 862482 (ARENHA project)

    Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting Membranes (MIEC) for Their Application in Membrane Reactors: A Review

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    Mixed ionic-electronic conducting membranes have seen significant progress over the last 25 years as efficient ways to obtain oxygen separation from air and for their integration in chemical production systems where pure oxygen in small amounts is needed. Perovskite materials are the most employed materials for membrane preparation. However, they have poor phase stability and are prone to poisoning when subjected to CO2 and SO2, which limits their industrial application. To solve this, the so-called dual-phase membranes are attracting greater attention. In this review, recent advances on self-supported and supported oxygen membranes and factors that affect the oxygen permeation and membrane stability are presented. Possible ways for further improvements that can be pursued to increase the oxygen permeation rate are also indicated. Lastly, an overview of the most relevant examples of membrane reactors in which oxygen membranes have been integrated are provided.This project has received funding from the European Union鈥檚 Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 679933. The present publication reflects only the author鈥檚 views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein

    Regeneration of Exhausted Palladium-Based Membranes: Recycling Process and Economics

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    The aim of the present work is the recycling treatment of tubular 伪-Al2O3-supported ceramic membranes with a Pd/Ag selective layer, employed in hydrogen production with integrated CO2 capture. A nitric acid leaching treatment was investigated, and recovered ceramic supports were characterized, demonstrating their suitability for the production of novel efficient membranes. The main objective was the metal dissolution that preserved the support integrity in order to allow the recovered membrane to be suitable for a new deposition of the selective layer. The conditions that obtained a satisfactory dissolution rate of the Pd/Ag layer while avoiding the support to be damaged are as follows: nitric acid 3 M, 60 掳C and 3.5 h of reaction time. The efficiency of the recovered supports was determined by nitrogen permeance and surface roughness analysis, and the economic figures were analysed to evaluate the convenience of the regeneration process and the advantage of a recycled membrane over a new membrane. The experimentation carried out demonstrates the proposed process feasibility both in terms of recycling and economic results.This research has received funding from the European Union鈥檚 Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 760944 (MEMBER project)

    Preparaci贸n y caracterizaci贸n de recubrimientos de DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) mediante deposici贸n qu铆mica en fase vapor asistida por plasma

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    El objetivo principal del presente proyecto ha consistido en la preparaci贸n y caracterizaci贸n de recubrimientos de carbono cuasi diamante DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) mediante la t茅cnica de deposici贸n qu铆mica en fase vapor asistida por plasma (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, PECVD), empleando para ello una fuente de voltaje bias pulsada bipolar asim茅trica para la polarizaci贸n del substrato, y metano como gas precursor. Con el fin de mejorar la adherencia de los recubrimientos sobre substratos de acero, se doparon los recubrimientos con diferentes concentraciones de silicio a partir de la introducci贸n de tetrametilsilano (TMS). Los recubrimientos depositados han de presentar buenas propiedades mec谩nicas y tribol贸gicas (elevada dureza y bajo coeficiente de fricci贸n) adem谩s de una buena adherencia. La composici贸n qu铆mica y estructural de los recubrimientos se estudi贸 mediante espectroscop铆a Raman visible y espectroscop铆a fotoelectr贸nica de rayos X (XPS). La morfolog铆a en secci贸n de los recubrimientos, as铆 como los espesores obtenidos fueros analizados por microscop铆a electr贸nica de barrido (SEM) y microscop铆a 贸ptica confocal. La dureza se caracteriz贸 por medio de la t茅cnica de nanoindentaci贸n. El coeficiente de fricci贸n y la adherencia de los recubrimientos se analizaron mediante la realizaci贸n de ensayos de microrayado. Los recubrimientos DLC obtenidos presentaron una estructura con un contenido en enlaces sp3 del 30 %, con una dureza aproximada de 20 GPa y un coeficiente de fricci贸n inferior a 0,1. Los recubrimientos dopados con silicio presentaron menores valores de dureza (13-18 GPa) y sus coeficientes de fricci贸n llegaron a valores inferiores a 0,05. La adherencia de los recubrimientos dopados con silicio mejor贸 con respecto a la de los recubrimientos sin dopar

    Preparaci贸n y caracterizaci贸n de recubrimientos de DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) mediante deposici贸n qu铆mica en fase vapor asistida por plasma

    No full text
    El objetivo principal del presente proyecto ha consistido en la preparaci贸n y caracterizaci贸n de recubrimientos de carbono cuasi diamante DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) mediante la t茅cnica de deposici贸n qu铆mica en fase vapor asistida por plasma (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, PECVD), empleando para ello una fuente de voltaje bias pulsada bipolar asim茅trica para la polarizaci贸n del substrato, y metano como gas precursor. Con el fin de mejorar la adherencia de los recubrimientos sobre substratos de acero, se doparon los recubrimientos con diferentes concentraciones de silicio a partir de la introducci贸n de tetrametilsilano (TMS). Los recubrimientos depositados han de presentar buenas propiedades mec谩nicas y tribol贸gicas (elevada dureza y bajo coeficiente de fricci贸n) adem谩s de una buena adherencia. La composici贸n qu铆mica y estructural de los recubrimientos se estudi贸 mediante espectroscop铆a Raman visible y espectroscop铆a fotoelectr贸nica de rayos X (XPS). La morfolog铆a en secci贸n de los recubrimientos, as铆 como los espesores obtenidos fueros analizados por microscop铆a electr贸nica de barrido (SEM) y microscop铆a 贸ptica confocal. La dureza se caracteriz贸 por medio de la t茅cnica de nanoindentaci贸n. El coeficiente de fricci贸n y la adherencia de los recubrimientos se analizaron mediante la realizaci贸n de ensayos de microrayado. Los recubrimientos DLC obtenidos presentaron una estructura con un contenido en enlaces sp3 del 30 %, con una dureza aproximada de 20 GPa y un coeficiente de fricci贸n inferior a 0,1. Los recubrimientos dopados con silicio presentaron menores valores de dureza (13-18 GPa) y sus coeficientes de fricci贸n llegaron a valores inferiores a 0,05. La adherencia de los recubrimientos dopados con silicio mejor贸 con respecto a la de los recubrimientos sin dopar

    Preparaci贸n y caracterizaci贸n de recubrimientos de DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) mediante deposici贸n qu铆mica en fase vapor asistida por plasma

    No full text
    El objetivo principal del presente proyecto ha consistido en la preparaci贸n y caracterizaci贸n de recubrimientos de carbono cuasi diamante DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) mediante la t茅cnica de deposici贸n qu铆mica en fase vapor asistida por plasma (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, PECVD), empleando para ello una fuente de voltaje bias pulsada bipolar asim茅trica para la polarizaci贸n del substrato, y metano como gas precursor. Con el fin de mejorar la adherencia de los recubrimientos sobre substratos de acero, se doparon los recubrimientos con diferentes concentraciones de silicio a partir de la introducci贸n de tetrametilsilano (TMS). Los recubrimientos depositados han de presentar buenas propiedades mec谩nicas y tribol贸gicas (elevada dureza y bajo coeficiente de fricci贸n) adem谩s de una buena adherencia. La composici贸n qu铆mica y estructural de los recubrimientos se estudi贸 mediante espectroscop铆a Raman visible y espectroscop铆a fotoelectr贸nica de rayos X (XPS). La morfolog铆a en secci贸n de los recubrimientos, as铆 como los espesores obtenidos fueros analizados por microscop铆a electr贸nica de barrido (SEM) y microscop铆a 贸ptica confocal. La dureza se caracteriz贸 por medio de la t茅cnica de nanoindentaci贸n. El coeficiente de fricci贸n y la adherencia de los recubrimientos se analizaron mediante la realizaci贸n de ensayos de microrayado. Los recubrimientos DLC obtenidos presentaron una estructura con un contenido en enlaces sp3 del 30 %, con una dureza aproximada de 20 GPa y un coeficiente de fricci贸n inferior a 0,1. Los recubrimientos dopados con silicio presentaron menores valores de dureza (13-18 GPa) y sus coeficientes de fricci贸n llegaron a valores inferiores a 0,05. La adherencia de los recubrimientos dopados con silicio mejor贸 con respecto a la de los recubrimientos sin dopar

    Membrane reactors for autothermal reforming of methane, methanol, and ethanol

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    This chapter discusses the application of membrane reactors for hydrogen production through autothermal reforming (ATR) reactions, with particular attention to the ATR of methane as fossil fuel and methanol and ethanol as biofuels. First the concept of ATR is explained, the catalysts used for such reactions are reported, and the traditional reactors are discussed. Afterwards, the membrane reactor concepts are discussed, and two possible configurations, namely the fluidized bed and the packed bed configuration, are discussed and compared. Modeling aspects of both reactors are introduced. Finally, the recent advances in membrane reactors for these reactions and future trends are discussed in the chapter
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