The Christmas Season and the Protestant Churches in England, c. 1870–1914

Histories of the English Christmas tend to downplay the role of religion in the development of the modern festival. This article examines the place of religion in the popular celebration of Christmas, as well as the provision of worship offered by the Protestant Churches during the festive season. It argues that although some churchmen viewed Christmas pessimistically as part of a broader battle between sacred and secular, the Churches played an important role in the expansion of the urban public culture of Christmas in the late nineteenth century, whilst the doctrine of the incarnation provided a religious framework for the celebration of childhood and domesticity that the festival had come to embody.</jats:p

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (armstrong)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/1056/thumbnail.jp

Perceptions regarding integration of agricultural awareness activities by elementary teachers in east central Iowa

The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of agricultural awareness efforts in elementary grades in a selected area of Iowa and create a model of agricultural awareness for the community education system. The primary objectives of this study were: (1) identify elementary school teachers\u27 perceptions on agricultural related issues; (2) identify the extent of current agricultural awareness activities; (3) compare selected demographic data with perceptions and activities of elementary school teachers in east central Iowa; and (4) develop a model for delivery of agricultural awareness programming. This study was conducted using a survey instrument that was distributed to approximately one-third (n = 689) of the 2000 teachers in the Grant Wood Area Education Agency (A.E.A) which served as the sample population. The survey instrument consisted of four parts: (A) 31 statements with a 5 point Likert-type scale relating to knowledge and perception of agriculture and agricultural awareness; (B) 48 agricultural related activities that indicated the extent to which agricultural activities were conducted elementary classrooms; (C) an open-ended section for comments on integrating agriculture into the elementary curriculum; and (D) demographic information. A total of 281 usable returns were received for a 41 % response rate. Descriptive and inferential statistic procedures were used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that elementary teachers believe agriculture would enhance the elementary curriculum.;There was strong indication that agriculture needed to be integrated within all instructional areas. Fifty-two percent of the teachers conducted at least half of the thirty-eight activities listed in the survey instrument. The respondents in this study had positive views about agriculture as a highly technological, science-based, environmentally conscious, competitive industry with a wide variety of skilled and educated employees. A spin wheel model was designed based on the findings of the study. The model, The Wheel of Agriculture, was designed to help elementary teachers generate ideas, plan activities, and organize their classes to relate their subjects to the seven career areas of agriculture. The model was designed with considerable flexibility for all grade levels, subject areas, and teaching styles. The model helps teachers consider the agricultural careers and resources needed to conduct the agricultural awareness activities

Fact and Fiction in youth Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) reflects the integrated ability to deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the skeletal muscles and to utilize it to generate energy to support muscle activity during exercise. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth CRF. It is well-documented that in youth peak VO2 increases with sex-specific, concurrent changes in a range of age- and maturity status-driven morphological and physiological covariates with the timing and tempo of changes specific to individuals. However, a recent resurgence of interest in predicting peak VO2 from field test performances and the persistence of fallacious interpretations of peak VO2 in 1:1 ratio with body mass have obfuscated general understanding of the development of CRF. Moreover, as spurious relationships arise when ratio-scaled data are correlated with health-related variables the use of this scaling technique has confounded the relationship of youth CRF with indicators of current and future health. This paper reviews the extant evidence and concludes that the interpretation of youth CRF and the promotion of young people’s health and well-being should be founded on scientific facts and not on fictions based on flawed methodology and specious interpretation of data

Shorter juvenile telomere length is associated with higher survival to spawning in migratory Atlantic salmon

The risk of mortality associated with a long-distance migration will depend on an animal's physiological state, as well as the prevailing ecological conditions. Here we assess whether juvenile telomere length, which in endotherms has been shown to be a biomarker of physiological state and expected lifespan, predicts whether wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar successfully complete their marine migration. Over 1800 juvenile fish were trapped, measured, PIT-tagged and a tissue biopsy taken when migrating as juveniles down-river towards the sea. Survivors of the marine phase of the life cycle were then re-trapped and re-sampled when returning to the river to spawn as sexually mature adults, 1.5-2.5 years later. Most individuals experienced a reduction in telomere length during the marine migratory phase of their life cycle. While the relative rate of telomere loss was greater in males than females, telomere loss was unrelated to growth at sea. Contrary to expectations, salmon that had the shortest telomeres at the time of the outward migration had the greatest probability of surviving through to the return migration. This effect, independent of body size, may indicate a trade-off between investment in readiness for marine life (which favours high glucocorticoid levels, known to increase telomere attrition in other vertebrate species) and investment in telomere maintenance. Survival was also significantly influenced by the seasonal timing of outward migration, with the fish migrating downstream earliest in the spring having the highest probability of return. This study reveals that telomere length is associated with survival, although in ways that contrast with patterns seen in endotherms. This illustrates that while telomeres may be universally important for chromosome protection, the potential for telomere dynamics to predict performance may vary across taxa

Approach and Landing Investigation at Lift-Drag Ratios of 2 to 4 Utilizing a Straight-Wing Fighter Airplane

A series of landings was performed with a straight-wing airplane to evaluate the effect of low lift-drag ratios on approach and landing characteristics. Landings with a peak lift-drag ratio as low as 3 were performed by altering the airplane configuration (extending speed brakes, flaps, and gear and reducing throttle setting). As lift-drag ratio was reduced, it was necessary either to make the landing pattern tighter or to increase initial altitude, or both. At the lowest lift-drag ratio the pilots believed a 270 deg overhead pattern was advisable because of the greater ease afforded in visually positioning the airplane. The values of the pertinent flare parameters increased with the reduction of lift-drag ratio. These parameters included time required for final flare; speed change during final flare; and altitude, glide slope, indicated airspeed, and vertical velocity at initiation of final flare. The pilots believed that the tolerable limit was reached with this airplane in the present configuration, and that if, because of a further reduction in lift-drag ratio, more severe approaches than those experienced in this program were attempted, additional aids would be required to determine the flare-initiation point

The intimacy of Christmas : festive celebration in England c. 1750-1914

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo