Comperative Analysis of Problem Posing Ability Between the Anatolian High School Students and the Public High School Students Located in Bagcilar District of Istanbul

AbstractThe purpose of this case study was to investigate the problem posing abilities of the “Anatolian High School” students and the “Public High School” students who had been studying in the Bagcilar district of the city of Istanbul.The methodology employed in the study was qualitative in nature. Document analysis method was applied. The participants, who had been successful for an exam carried out by a private course located in the district of Bagcilar of Istanbul, were including four “Anatolian High School” 11 th grade students and the other four “Public High School” 11 th grade students. In the research, students were provided with five different types of worksheets for problem posing Types of worksheets were including story editing, information translating, problem posing according to the previously defined equation, figure and result or conclusion. As a result of the study, two “Public High School” students could not accomplish the study concerning the problem posing according to the previously defined equation. On the other hand, the “Anatolian High School” students were much more successful than the “Public High School” students

Standard immunosuppressive treatment reduces regulatory B cells in children with autoimmune liver disease

Introduction: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease caused by a perturbed immune system. The scarcity of short- and long-term immune monitoring of AIH hampered us to comprehend the interaction between immunosuppressive medication and immune homeostasis. Methods and patients: We recruited children with AIH at the time of diagnosis and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th months of immunosuppression (IS). We also enrolled children with AIH being on IS for >2 years. Children with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and those receiving tacrolimus after liver transplantation (LT), were enrolled as disease/IS control subjects. Healthy children (HC) were also recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from all participants. Healthy liver tissue from adult donors and from livers without inflammation were obtained from children with hepatoblastoma. By using flow cytometry, we performed multi-parametric immune profiling of PBMCs and intrahepatic lymphocytes. Additionally, after IS with prednisolone, tacrolimus, rapamycin, or 6-mercaptopurine, we carried out an in vitro cytokine stimulation assay. Finally, a Lifecodes SSO typing kit was used to type HLA-DRB1 and Luminex was used to analyze the results. Results: Untreated AIH patients had lower total CD8 T-cell frequencies than HC, but these cells were more naïve. While the percentage of naïve regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD4+FOXP3lowCD45RA+) and regulatory B cells (Bregs, CD20+CD24+CD38+) was similar, AIH patients had fewer activated Tregs (CD4+FOXP3highCD45RA-) compared to HC. Mucosal-associated-invariant-T-cells (MAIT) were also lower in these patients. Following the initiation of IS, the immune profiles demonstrated fluctuations. Bregs frequency decreased substantially at 1 month and did not recover anymore. Additionally, the frequency of intrahepatic Bregs in treated AIH patients was lower, compared to control livers, DILI, and LT patients. Following in vitro IS drugs incubation, only the frequency of IL-10-producing total B-cells increased with tacrolimus and 6MP. Lastly, 70% of AIH patients possessed HLA-DR11, whereas HLA-DR03/DR07/DR13 was present in only some patients. Conclusion: HLA-DR11 was prominent in our AIH cohort. Activated Tregs and MAIT cell frequencies were lower before IS. Importantly, we discovered a previously unrecognized and long-lasting Bregs scarcity in AIH patients after IS. Tacrolimus and 6MP increased IL-10+ B-cells in vitro

Standard immunosuppressive treatment reduces regulatory B cells in children with autoimmune liver disease

IntroductionAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease caused by a perturbed immune system. The scarcity of short- and long-term immune monitoring of AIH hampered us to comprehend the interaction between immunosuppressive medication and immune homeostasis.Methods and patientsWe recruited children with AIH at the time of diagnosis and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th months of immunosuppression (IS). We also enrolled children with AIH being on IS for >2 years. Children with drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and those receiving tacrolimus after liver transplantation (LT), were enrolled as disease/IS control subjects. Healthy children (HC) were also recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from all participants. Healthy liver tissue from adult donors and from livers without inflammation were obtained from children with hepatoblastoma. By using flow cytometry, we performed multi-parametric immune profiling of PBMCs and intrahepatic lymphocytes. Additionally, after IS with prednisolone, tacrolimus, rapamycin, or 6-mercaptopurine, we carried out an in vitro cytokine stimulation assay. Finally, a Lifecodes SSO typing kit was used to type HLA-DRB1 and Luminex was used to analyze the results.ResultsUntreated AIH patients had lower total CD8 T-cell frequencies than HC, but these cells were more naïve. While the percentage of naïve regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD4+FOXP3lowCD45RA+) and regulatory B cells (Bregs, CD20+CD24+CD38+) was similar, AIH patients had fewer activated Tregs (CD4+FOXP3highCD45RA-) compared to HC. Mucosal-associated-invariant-T-cells (MAIT) were also lower in these patients. Following the initiation of IS, the immune profiles demonstrated fluctuations. Bregs frequency decreased substantially at 1 month and did not recover anymore. Additionally, the frequency of intrahepatic Bregs in treated AIH patients was lower, compared to control livers, DILI, and LT patients. Following in vitro IS drugs incubation, only the frequency of IL-10-producing total B-cells increased with tacrolimus and 6MP. Lastly, 70% of AIH patients possessed HLA-DR11, whereas HLA-DR03/DR07/DR13 was present in only some patients.ConclusionHLA-DR11 was prominent in our AIH cohort. Activated Tregs and MAIT cell frequencies were lower before IS. Importantly, we discovered a previously unrecognized and long-lasting Bregs scarcity in AIH patients after IS. Tacrolimus and 6MP increased IL-10+ B-cells in vitro

Genotype-phenotype relationships of truncating mutations, p.E297G and p.D482G in bile salt export pump deficiency

Background &amp; Aims: Bile salt export pump (BSEP) deficiency frequently necessitates liver transplantation in childhood. In contrast to two predicted protein truncating mutations (PPTMs), homozygous p.D482G or p.E297G mutations are associated with relatively mild phenotypes, responsive to surgical interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (siEHC). The phenotype of patients with a compound heterozygous genotype of one p.D482G or p.E297G mutation and one PPTM has remained unclear. We aimed to assess their genotype-phenotype relationship. Methods: From the NAPPED database, we selected patients with homozygous p.D482G or p.E297G mutations (BSEP1/1; n = 31), with one p.D482G or p.E297G, and one PPTM (BSEP1/3; n = 30), and with two PPTMs (BSEP3/3; n = 77). We compared clinical presentation, native liver survival (NLS), and the effect of siEHC on NLS. Results: The groups had a similar median age at presentation (0.7-1.3 years). Overall NLS at age 10 years was 21% in BSEP1/3 vs. 75% in BSEP1/1 and 23% in BSEP3/3 (p &lt;0.001). Without siEHC, NLS in the BSEP1/3 group was similar to that in BSEP3/3, but considerably lower than in BSEP1/1 (at age 10 years: 38%, 30%, and 71%, respectively; p = 0.003). After siEHC, BSEP1/3 and BSEP3/3 were associated with similarly low NLS, while NLS was much higher in BSEP1/1 (10 years after siEHC, 27%, 14%, and 92%, respectively; p &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Individuals with BSEP deficiency with one p.E297G or p.D482G mutation and one PPTM have a similarly severe disease course and low responsiveness to siEHC as those with two PPTMs. This identifies a considerable subgroup of patients who are unlikely to benefit from interruption of the enterohepatic circulation by either surgical or ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor treatment. Impact and implications: This manuscript defines the clinical features and prognosis of individuals with BSEP deficiency involving the combination of one relatively mild and one very severe BSEP deficiency mutation. Until now, it had always been assumed that the mild mutation would be enough to ensure a relatively good prognosis. However, our manuscript shows that the prognosis of these patients is just as poor as that of patients with two severe mutations. They do not respond to biliary diversion surgery and will likely not respond to the new IBAT (ileal bile acid transporter) inhibitors, which have recently been approved for use in BSEP deficiency.</p

Genotype-phenotype relationships of truncating mutations, p.E297G and p.D482G in bile salt export pump deficiency

Background & Aims: Bile salt export pump (BSEP) deficiency frequently necessitates liver transplantation in childhood. Homozygous p.D482G or p.E297G mutations are associated with relatively mild phenotypes, responsive to surgical interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (siEHC), in contrast to patients with two predicted protein truncating mutations (PPTM). The phenotype of patients with a compound heterozygous genotype of one p.D482G or p.E297G mutation and one PPTM has remained unclear. We aimed to assess their genotype-phenotype relationship. Methods: From the NAPPED database, we selected patients with homozygous p.D482G or p.E297G mutations (BSEP1/1; n=31), with one p.D482G or p.E297G, and one PPTM (BSEP1/3; n=30), and with two PPTMs (BSEP3/3; n=77). We compared presentation, native liver survival (NLS), and effect of siEHC on NLS. Results: The groups had a similar median age at presentation (0.7-1.3 years). Overall NLS at age 10 years was 21% in BSEP1/3 vs. 75% in BSEP1/1 and 23% in BSEP3/3 (P<0.001). Without siEHC in their follow-up, NLS of BSEP1/3 was similar to BSEP3/3 patients, but considerably lower than BSEP1/1 patients (at age 10 years: 38%, 30%, and 71%, resp; P=0.003). After siEHC, BSEP1/3 and BSEP3/3 patients had similarly low NLS, while this was much higher in BSEP1/1 patients (10 years after siEHC, 27%, 14%, and 92%, resp.; P<0.001). Conclusions: BSEP deficiency patients with one p.E297G or p.D482G mutation and one PPTM have a similarly severe disease course and low responsiveness to siEHC as patients with two PPTMs. This identifies a considerable subgroup of patients who are unlikely to benefit from interruption of the enterohepatic circulation by either surgical or ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor treatment

A Theoretical Study on STEM Education: Proposal of Two Applications

As communication technology develops rapidly in the 21st century, it is easy to reach knowledge. At this point students should be able to create their own knowledge by researching, analyzing and synthesizing rather than asking the questions they can reach via internet. Real life problems may not be solved according to a single discipline. Therefore, it would be beneficial for us to transfer the climate and teamwork to the disciplines as a whole for the students. The purpose of this study is to present the importance and unexplained parts of STEM education through literature scan and especially to suggest STEM practices which mostly deal with mathematics classes. This study is a theoretical study and document analysis technique from qualitative research methods was used in the study. The study was prepared in terms of theory and it was presented to be an example for the other researchers. There are two sample practices together with their objectives in this study. While SCRATCH coding program was used in one of the applications and the other application was structured on isoperimetric theorem.21. Yüz yılda iletişim teknolojisi hızla geliştiği için bilgiye ulaşmak kolaylaşmaktadır bu noktada öğrencilere internet üzerinden ulaşabilecekleri sorular sormak yerine araştırarak analiz ederek ve sentezleyerek kendi bilgilerin oluşturmalarına fırsat verilmelidir. Gerçek yaşamda birçok değişkenden oluşan bir problemle karşılaşan öğrencilere, derslerde tek bir değişken üzerinden problem çözmeyi öğretmek gerçek yaşamla okul dersleri arasında uçurum oluşturacaktır. Gerçek yaşam problemleri tek bir disipline göre de çözülemeyebilir. Dolayısıyla öğrencilere disiplinleri bir bütün olarak ele alma iklimini ve ekip çalışmasını aktarmamız faydalı olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, STEM eğitiminin önemini ve açıklanamayan kısımlarını literatür taraması ile sunmak ve özellikle matematik dersleriyle ilgilenen STEM uygulamalarını önermektir. Bu çalışma teorik bir çalışmadır ve çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden elde edilen doküman analiz tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma teorik açıdan hazırlanmış ve diğer araştırmacılar için örnek teşkil etmesi adına sunulmuştur. Çalışmada iki örnek uygulama kazanımları ile birlikte yer almaktadır. Uygulamalardan birinde SCRATCH kodlama programı kullanılmış ve diğer uygulama izoperimetrik teoride yapılandırılmıştır

A Histological Study on Liver of Near Eastern Fire Salamander, Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 (Urodela: Salamandridae)

WOS: 000412259700003The aim of the present study is to examine the histological structure and to determine melanin-containing cells in liver for a better understanding of the role of these cells in Salamandra infraimmaculata. The surface of the liver is covered with haematopoietic tissue. The liver is divided into lobules. The boundaries between lobules are not clearly defined. Hepatocytes are radially arranged around the central vein. Melanin-containing cells are localised in the liver parenchyma. Although it is known that melanin-containing cells are present in various organs of heterothermic vertebrates such as kidney, liver, spleen and lung, their function in the visceral organs of lower vertebrates is still unclear

Lonolab-Ray: A Wave Propagation Algorithm for Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Ionosphere

A high-frequency (HF) radio wave propagation model based on ray tracing for anisotropic, inhomogeneous, and time-varying ionosphere is developed to form the basis for a user-friendly modular algorithm. The algorithm IONOLAB-RAY applies the principles of ray tracing through the spherical 3D grid model of the ionosphere. The physical parameters of the ionosphere in each voxel are obtained from the ionosphere model IRI-Plas-G. The refractive index of each voxel is calculated with the Appleton-Hartree formula, which includes electron cyclotron frequency, collision frequency, and anisotropicity due to the geomagnetic field. The developed propagation algorithm allows the input of total electron content (TEC) values to update the ionospheric model to the current conditions. This capability has an important impact on the characterization of the ionosphere under geomagnetic storm conditions. The algorithm can be further developed to represent typical HF transmitter and receiver antenna properties and to calculate the electric field strength, time delay, and polarization rotation at the receiver location.WoSScopu