Novel Approach to the Development of Functional Goat’s Milk-Based Beverages Using Medicinal Plant Extracts in Combination with High Intensity Ultrasound Treatment

Bez obzira na visokovrijedni hranjivi sastav kozjeg mlijeka potrošači ga ne preferiraju zbog specifičnih senzorskih svojstava, koja se često smatraju nepoželjnima. S druge strane, tradicionalne ljekovite biljne vrste iz porodice Lamiaceae mogu se koristiti za poboljšanje bioaktivnih i senzorskih svojstava hrane zahvaljujući svom sastavu bogatom bioaktivnim spojevima, osobito polifenolima, te poželjnoj aromi. U ovom su istraživanju proizvedeni nutritivno vrijedni napici obogaćivanjem kozjeg mlijeka s ekstraktima ljekovitog bilja iz porodice Lamiaceae, te su stabilizirani i homogenizirani ultrazvukom visokog intenziteta. Ispitan je utjecaj biljne vrste (matičnjak, menta, lavanda, ružmarin, kadulja) i duljine trajanja obrade ultrazvukom (5 ili 10 min) na fizikalno-kemijska, bioaktivna i senzorska svojstva obogaćenih napitaka. Dodatak biljnih ekstrakata kozjem mlijeku znatno je poboljšao njegov bioaktivni sastav (koncentracije ružmarinske kiseline, derivata hidroksicimetnih kiselina i derivata luteolina), ovisno o vrsti biljnog ekstrakta. Produljenje homogenizacije ultrazvukom znatno je smanjilo veličinu globula masti i pozitivno utjecalo na stabilnost proizvoda. Osim većeg udjela bioaktivnih sastojaka i poboljšanja stabilnosti, dobiveni napici imali su bitno poboljšana senzorska svojstva u usporedbi s čistim kozjim mlijekom, s najvećom ukupnom prihvatljivošću uzoraka obogaćenih mentom i ružmarinom.Regardless of its highly valuable nutritive composition, goat’s milk is less preferred by consumers due to its specific sensory characteristics that are very often regarded as undesirable. On the other hand, traditional medicinal plants from Lamiaceae family, due to their rich bioactive composition, especially polyphenols, and desirable aroma profile, can be used to enhance and improve bioactive and sensory properties of food. In the present study nutritively valuable beverages were produced by enrichment of goat’s milk with medicinal plant extracts derived from the Lamiaceae family and stabilized by homogenization with high intensity ultrasound treatment. The impact of plant species (lemon balm, mint, lavender, rosemary and sage) and ultrasound treatment duration (5 or 10 min) on the physicochemical, bioactive and sensory characteristics of enriched beverages was evaluated. The addition of plant extracts to goat’s milk significantly increased the concentration of bioactive components (rosmarinic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and luteolin derivatives), in dependence of the added plant extract. The prolongation of the ultrasound homogenization markedly decreased the fat globule size and thus beneficially affected the product stability. Apart from the achieved bioactive enrichment and stability, the developed beverages exhibited significantly improved sensory properties in comparison to plain goat’s milk, with the highest overall acceptability determined for samples enriched with mint and rosemary

Povećana stopa doniranja organa u kliničkoj bolnici sestara milosrdnica

The rate of organ donation reflects the level of the respective society and country development. In Croatia, attempts have been made to increase this rate. As a consequence, the number of potential donors with confirmed brain death was observed to have steadily increased during the 2004-2008 period. Data on all potential donors where the confirmation procedure for brain death was completed were retrieved and analyzed. The percentage of donors out of all persons diagnosed with brain death and all deaths recorded at the Central Intensive Care Unit and at all Hospital departments was calculated. The mean number or organs per donor was also calculated. During the 2004-2008 period, the number of donors per brain death persons was 5/unknown, 6/10, 8/13, 11/13 and 18120; mean age 51, 50, 39, 48 and 44; donor rate per Central Intensive Care Unit deaths 5.9010, 5.6%,5.8%, 10.4% and 12.1%; donor rate per all hospital deaths 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 1.9%; and number of organs per donor 1.6, 2.4, 2.6, 3.0 and2.7, respectively. Study results showed a steady increase in the number of donors and organs per donor at Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital during the 2004-2008 period. More intensive education should be organized at medical schools and for medical professionals to identify brain death persons and potential donors. In addition, mass media campaigns should improve public awareness and perception of the issue.Stopa donacije organa je mjerilo razvijenosti zemlje. Kako bi se ta razina povećala, u Hrvatskoj su poduzete određene mjere. Posljedično je zamijećen stalan porast potencijalnih donora u kojih je potvrđena moždana smrt. Prikazujemo stalan porast razine donora od 2004. do 2008. godine. Analizirani su podaci svih potencijalnih donora u kojih je proveden postupak potvrđivanja moždane smrti. Izračunat je postotak broja donora u odnosu na osobe u kojih je dijagnosticirana moždana smrt te u odnosu na sve umrle u Središnjoj jedinici intenzivnog liječenja i u cijeloj bolnici. Također je izračunat srednji broj doniranih organa po donoru. Od 2004. do 2008. godine broj donora na broj moždano mrtvih osoba je bio 5/ nepoznato, 6/10, 8/13, 11/13 i 18/20, dok je srednja dob bila 51, 50, 39, 48 i 44 godine. Od 2004. do 2008. godine broj donora na broj umrlih u Središnjoj jedinici za intenzivno liječenje je bio 5,9%, 5,6%, 5,8%, 10,4% i 12,1%, a na sve umrle u bolnici 0,4%,0,5%,0,5%,1,5% i 1,9%. Srednji broj organa po donoru od 2004. do 2008. je bio 1,6; 2,4; 2,6; 3,0; 2,7. Od 2004. do 2008. godine vidljiv je stalan porast broja donora i broja doniranih organa u Kliničkoj bolnici "Sestre milosrdnice" Potrebno je provesti izobrazbu na Medicinskom fakultetu i medu profesionalnim osobljem kako bi se prepoznale osobe s moždanom smrti i potencijalni donori. Također treba provesti kampanje u medijima kako bi se poboljšao stav javnosti u tom području

The Potential of Combined Emulsification and Spray Drying Techniques for Encapsulation of Polyphenols from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Leaves

U ovom je istraživanju ispitan potencijal inkapsulacije polifenolnih antioksidansa iz lišća ružmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) primjenom kombiniranih tehnika emulgiranja i sušenja raspršivanjem. Za stabilizaciju emulzija i pripremu uzoraka prikladnih za uporabu u suhim proizvodima, dvostruke emulzije s inkapsuliranim polifenolnim ekstraktom ružmarina, dodanim poliglicerol poliricinoleatom (4 %), izolatima proteina sirutke (2 i 4 %) kao emulgatorima i maltodekstrinima (MDE 10 i 21) kao zaštitnim agensima sušene su raspršivanjem. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju beznačajan (p>0,05) učinak korištene vrste maltodekstrina i udjela proteina na srednju veličinu čestica dvostrukih emulzija s polifenolima ružmarina. Morfološke analize pokazale su da su dvostruke emulzije uspješno pripremljene, nakon njihovog sušenja raspršivanjem dobivene su sferične mikrokapsule, a oblik im je ostao očuvan i nakon rehidracije mikrokapsula. Bez obzira na korištenu vrstu maltodekstrina, značajno (p0.05) effect of used maltodextrin type and protein content on mean particle size of double emulsions containing rosemary polyphenols. Morphology analyses showed that double emulsions were successfully prepared, spherical microcapsules were obtained after spray drying of double emulsions and double emulsion form was still preserved after rehydration of spray-dried microcapsules. Regardless of used maltodextrins, significantly (p<0.05) higher encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of total polyphenols (39.57 and 42.83 %) in rehydrated samples were achieved when higher protein content (4 % whey protein isolate) was used, indicating the major impact of protein content on EE of rosemary polyphenols. Also, using HPLC analysis, rosmarinic and caffeic acids, apigenin and luteolin derivatives were detected among specific polyphenols, where rosmarinic acid had notable encapsulation efficiency ranging from 62.15 to 67.43 %. In this way, the obtained microcapsules encapsulating rosemary polyphenols could be easily blended with various dry mixtures, and serve for delivery in different functional products

Konsenzus za dijagnosticiranje moždane smrti - smjernice za primjenu potvrdnih pretraga

Brain death is defined as the irreversible loss of all brain functions, including the brainstem. The diagnosis of brain death allows organ donation or withdrawal of support. Therefore the exact criteria for the diagnosis of brain death must be determined. In the Croatian Act on Transplantation, repeated neurologic examination must show loss of brainstem reflexes, and one confirmation test must be done. Several tests are available, showing the cessation of brain or brainstem activity, or confirming the cerebral circulatory arrest. Bedside evaluation is possible through electroencephysiologic and neurosonologic tests. Conventional or digital subtraction angiography is done in radiology suite, and isotope angiography and technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99Tc-HMPAO) at the Department of Nuclear Medicine. Such tests require special settings, therefore bedside test like electroencephalography, evoked potentials and neurosonology tests are preferred. All tests require trained personnel and strict protocols, which differ from routine investigations The confirmatory tests used in brain death confirmation, the techniques, criteria, results and validity of the tests are presented.Definicija moždane smrti obuhvaća gubitak svih funkcija mozga, uključujući moždanog stabla. Dijagnostika moždane smrti omogućava donaciju organa ili prekid potpore. Stoga se moraju točno odrediti kriteriji dijagnoze. Prema Hrvatskom zakonu o transplantaciji, ponovljeni neurološki pregled mora pokazati gubitak refleksa moždanog stabla a obavezan je i jedan od testova potvrde. Nekoliko je testova dostupno, koji pokazuju prestanak aktivnosti mozga ili moždanog stabla ili potvrđuju nastup moždanog prekida cirkulacije. Procjena uz krevet bolesnika je moguća upotrebom elektrofizioloških i neurosonoloških testova. Konvencionalna ili digitalna subtrakcijska angiografija se izvodi na radiologiji, a izotopna angiografija i perfuzija mozga heksametil-propilen-amin-oksimom (99mTc-HMPAO) u Klinici za nuklearnu medicinu. Takvi testovi zahtijevaju posebne pogodnosti, stoga se preferiraju testovi koji se primjenjuju uz krevet bolesnika kao elektroencefalografija, evocirani potencijali i neurosonološki testovi. Svi testovi zahtijevaju uvježbano osoblje i striktne protokole koji se razlikuju od onih koji se upotrebljavaju u rutinskoj dijagnostici. Prikazani su testovi koji se primjenjuju u potvrdi moždane smrti, tehnike, kriteriji, rezultati i vrijednosti testova

Recent Trends in Biodiesel and Biogas Production

Biodizel i bioplin dva su vrlo važna izvora obnovljive energije širom svijeta, a posebice u zemljama EU. Biodizel se gotovo isključivo koristi kao transportno gorivo, dok se bioplin uglavnom koristi za proizvodnju električne energije i topline. Primjena sofisticiranijih tehnika pročišćavanja u proizvodnji čistog biometana iz bioplina omogućuje njegovo uvođenje u mrežu prirodnog plina i daljnju uporabu kao transportno gorivo. Dok se bioplin uglavnom proizvodi od otpadnih materijala (materijal s odlagališta otpada, gnojivo, talog zaostao pročišćavanjem otpadnih voda, poljoprivredni otpad), biodizel se u EU uglavnom dobiva iz repice ili drugih uljarica koje se koriste kao hrana, što dovodi u pitanje njihovu ulogu kao hrane ili goriva. Kako bi se ublažio ovaj problem, napravljeni su značajni napori u korištenju neprehrambenih sirovina za proizvodnju biodizela. To uključuje sve vrste otpadnih ulja i masti, no od nedavno se više pažnje posvećuje proizvodnji mikrobnih ulja uzgojem mikroorganizama koji mogu akumulirati velike količine lipida u biomasi. Obećavajući kandidati za mikrobnu proizvodnju lipida mogu se pronaći među različitim sojevima filamentoznih plijesni, kvasaca, bakterija i mikroalgi. Sirovine od interesa su i poljoprivredni otpad bogat ugljikohidratima te različite lignocelulozne sirovine, za čiju se uporabu još uvijek moraju riješiti neka tehnička pitanja. Također, u ovom su radu razmatrane metode izdvajanja i pročišćavanja biodizela i bioplina.Biodiesel and biogas are two very important sources of renewable energy worldwide, and particularly in the EU countries. While biodiesel is almost exclusively used as transportation fuel, biogas is mostly used for production of electricity and heat. The application of more sophisticated purification techniques in production of pure biomethane from biogas allows its delivery to natural gas grid and its subsequent use as transportation fuel. While biogas is produced mostly from waste materials (landfills, manure, sludge from wastewater treatment, agricultural waste), biodiesel in the EU is mostly produced from rapeseed or other oil crops that are used as food, which raises the ‘food or fuel’ concerns. To mitigate this problem, considerable efforts have been made to use non-food feedstock for biodiesel production. These include all kinds of waste oils and fats, but recently more attention has been devoted to production of microbial oils by cultivation of microorganisms that are able to accumulate high amounts of lipids in their biomass. Promising candidates for microbial lipid production can be found among different strains of filamentous fungi, yeast, bacteria and microalgae. Feedstocks of interest are agricultural waste rich in carbohydrates as well as different lignocellulosic raw materials where some technical issues have to be resolved. In this work, recovery and purification of biodiesel and biogas are also considered

Recent Trends in Biodiesel and Biogas Production

Biodizel i bioplin dva su vrlo važna izvora obnovljive energije širom svijeta, a posebice u zemljama EU. Biodizel se gotovo isključivo koristi kao transportno gorivo, dok se bioplin uglavnom koristi za proizvodnju električne energije i topline. Primjena sofisticiranijih tehnika pročišćavanja u proizvodnji čistog biometana iz bioplina omogućuje njegovo uvođenje u mrežu prirodnog plina i daljnju uporabu kao transportno gorivo. Dok se bioplin uglavnom proizvodi od otpadnih materijala (materijal s odlagališta otpada, gnojivo, talog zaostao pročišćavanjem otpadnih voda, poljoprivredni otpad), biodizel se u EU uglavnom dobiva iz repice ili drugih uljarica koje se koriste kao hrana, što dovodi u pitanje njihovu ulogu kao hrane ili goriva. Kako bi se ublažio ovaj problem, napravljeni su značajni napori u korištenju neprehrambenih sirovina za proizvodnju biodizela. To uključuje sve vrste otpadnih ulja i masti, no od nedavno se više pažnje posvećuje proizvodnji mikrobnih ulja uzgojem mikroorganizama koji mogu akumulirati velike količine lipida u biomasi. Obećavajući kandidati za mikrobnu proizvodnju lipida mogu se pronaći među različitim sojevima filamentoznih plijesni, kvasaca, bakterija i mikroalgi. Sirovine od interesa su i poljoprivredni otpad bogat ugljikohidratima te različite lignocelulozne sirovine, za čiju se uporabu još uvijek moraju riješiti neka tehnička pitanja. Također, u ovom su radu razmatrane metode izdvajanja i pročišćavanja biodizela i bioplina.Biodiesel and biogas are two very important sources of renewable energy worldwide, and particularly in the EU countries. While biodiesel is almost exclusively used as transportation fuel, biogas is mostly used for production of electricity and heat. The application of more sophisticated purification techniques in production of pure biomethane from biogas allows its delivery to natural gas grid and its subsequent use as transportation fuel. While biogas is produced mostly from waste materials (landfills, manure, sludge from wastewater treatment, agricultural waste), biodiesel in the EU is mostly produced from rapeseed or other oil crops that are used as food, which raises the ‘food or fuel’ concerns. To mitigate this problem, considerable efforts have been made to use non-food feedstock for biodiesel production. These include all kinds of waste oils and fats, but recently more attention has been devoted to production of microbial oils by cultivation of microorganisms that are able to accumulate high amounts of lipids in their biomass. Promising candidates for microbial lipid production can be found among different strains of filamentous fungi, yeast, bacteria and microalgae. Feedstocks of interest are agricultural waste rich in carbohydrates as well as different lignocellulosic raw materials where some technical issues have to be resolved. In this work, recovery and purification of biodiesel and biogas are also considered

Bioethanol Production from Renewable Raw Materials and Its Separation and Purification: A Review

Proizvodnja biogoriva iz obnovljivih sirovina privukla je pažnju znanstvenika jer može poslužiti za opskrbu energijom i alternativnim gorivima. Bioetanol je jedno od najzanimljivijih biogoriva zbog njegovog pozitivnog utjecaja na okoliš. Najčešće se proizvodi iz sirovina koje sadržavaju šećer i škrob. Međutim, razni izvori lignocelulozne biomase, kao što su poljoprivredni i šumski ostaci te zeljasti energetski usjevi, također mogu poslužiti kao sirovine za proizvodnju bioetanola, energije, topline i kemikalija s dodanom vrijednošću. Lignoceluloza je složena mješavina ugljikohidrata, koju treba učinkovito prethodno obraditi da bi se oslobodili biotransformacijski putevi u kojima enzimi proizvode fermentabilne šećere što nakon hidrolize fermentiraju u etanol. Unatoč tehničkim i ekonomskim poteškoćama, obnovljive lignocelulozne sirovine imaju nisku cijenu te ne utječu na hranu i prehrambeni lanac, čime potiču održivost. Za proizvodnju bioetanola iz obnovljivih sirovina razvijeni su različiti načini rada bioprocesora. Osim toga, intenzivno se razvijaju i alternativni postupci odvajanja i pročišćavanja bioetanola. Ovaj rad daje pregled novih trendova u proizvodnji bioetanola iz različitih obnovljivih sirovina, te postupaka njegovog odvajanja i pročišćavanja.Production of biofuels from renewable feedstocks has captured considerable scientific attention since they could be used to supply energy and alternative fuels. Bioethanol is one of the most interesting biofuels due to its positive impact on the environment. Currently, it is mostly produced from sugar- and starch-containing raw materials. However, various available types of lignocellulosic biomass such as agricultural and forestry residues, and herbaceous energy crops could serve as feedstocks for the production of bioethanol, energy, heat and value-added chemicals. Lignocellulose is a complex mixture of carbohydrates that needs an efficient pretreatment to make accessible pathways to enzymes for the production of fermentable sugars, which after hydrolysis are fermented into ethanol. Despite technical and economic difficulties, renewable lignocellulosic raw materials represent low-cost feedstocks that do not compete with the food and feed chain, thereby stimulating the sustainability. Different bioprocess operational modes were developed for bioethanol production from renewable raw materials. Furthermore, alternative bioethanol separation and purification processes have also been intensively developed. This paper deals with recent trends in the bioethanol production as a fuel from different renewable raw materials as well as with its separation and purification processes

Ružička days : International conference 16th Ružička Days “Today Science – Tomorrow Industry” : Proceedings

Proceedings contains articles presented at Conference divided into sections: open lecture (1), chemical analysis and synthesis (3), chemical and biochemical engineering (8), food technology and biotechnology (8), medical chemistry and pharmacy (3), environmental protection (11) and meeting of young chemists (2)

Determination of the content of polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds in selected plant extracts

Polifenolni spojevi najpoznatiji su antioksidansi, kao i dominanti bioaktivni sastojci ljekovitog bilja. Ljekovito bilje od davnina je poznato u narodnoj medicini u liječenju raznih bolesti i zdravstvenih tegoba, što se pripisuje antiseptičkim, antibakterijskim, protuupalnim i ostalim ljekovitim svojstvima bilja. Stoga, unos antioksidansa i ne manje značajnih prehrambenih vlakana igra veliku ulogu u zaštiti ljudskog organizma od štetnog oksidacijskog djelovanja slobodnih radikala. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti udjel polifenolnih spojeva (ukupnih fenola, ukupnih neflavonoida i flavonoida, flavan-3-ola, flavona i flavonola, ukupnih proantocijanidina, hidroksicimetnih kiselina, ukupnih tanina), udjel topljivih polisaharida i celuloze u sedam biljnih ekstrakata, kao i antioksidacijski kapacitet istih. Udjeli polifenolnih spojeva određeni su spektrofotometrijskim metodama kao i antioksidacijski kapacitet koji je određen reakcijama s željezo(III)-tripiridiltriazinom (FRAP) te radikalima 2,2′-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfonskom kiselinom) (ABTS) i 2,2′-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazilom (DPPH). Praćena je i kinetika inhibicije DPPH radikala antioksidansima iz biljnih ekstrakata. Određivanje polisaharida bazira se na ekstrakciji polisaharida vodom te precipitaciji etanolom, dok određivanju celuloze prethodi razaranje biljnog tkiva octenom i dušičnom kiselinom. Najveći udjel ukupnih fenola, ukupnih flavonoida, flavona i flavonola, tanina i hidroksicimetnih kiselina određen je u ekstraktu majčine dušice, a ukupnih proantocijanidina u ekstraktu lista maline. Najveći udjel flavan-3-ola, u reakciji s vanilinom određen je u ekstraktu gloga, a u reakciji s p-DAC reagensom u ekstraktu lista maline. Najveći udjel polisaharida karakterizira ekstrakt koprive, a celuloze ekstrakt majčine dušice. Najveći antioksidacijski kapacitet, određen ABTS i FRAP metodom, određen je u ekstraktu majčine dušice, dok je primjenom DPPH metode najveći antioksidacijski kapacitet određen u ekstraktu lista maline.Polyphenolic compounds are well-known antioxidants, as well as the dominant bioactive constituents of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants have a long history in traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases and health problems, which is attributed to antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other healing properties of herbs. Therefore, intake of antioxidants and no less important dietary fiber plays an important role in protecting human body against harmful oxidative effects of free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of polyphenolic compounds (total phenolics, nonflavonoids and flavonoids, flavan-3-ols, flavones and flavonols, total proantocyanidins, hydroxicinnamics acid, total tannins), the proportion of soluble polysaccharides and cellulose in seven herbal extracts and antioxidant capacity. Shares of polyphenolic compounds were determinated by spectrophotometric methods, as well as antioxidant capacity was determined by reactions with Fe (III)-3-pyridyl-triazine (FRAP) and the radicals 2, 2 '-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2, 2' -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Kinetics of DPPH radical scavenging with antioxidants from herbal extracts was accompanied. Determination of soluble polysaccharides is based on the extraction of polysaccharides with water and precipitation with ethanol, while determination of cellulose antecede destruction of the plant tissue with acetic and nitric acid. The largest share of total phenol, total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols, tannins and hydroxicinnamics acid was determined in the extract of thyme, while the largest share of proantocyanidins was present in the extract of raspberry leaf. The highest proportion of flavan-3-ols, in reaction with vanillin was determined in the extract of hawthorn and with p-DAC reagent in the raspberry leaf extract. The largest share of the polysaccharides was characterized by an extract of nettle, and cellulose in the extract of thyme. The highest antioxidant capacities, determined by ABTS and FRAP methods, were determinated in the extract of thyme, while using the DPPH method the highest antioxidant capacity was determined in the raspberry leaf extract

Proizvodnja svježih krem sireva i mliječnih namaza u Tvornici mliječnih proizvoda Belje d.d.

Mlijeko i vrhnje se najprije trebaju tehnološki pripremiti, da bi dobili kvalitetan svježi krem sir i mliječni namaz. Mlijeko odlazi na prijemno, kemijsko i mikrobiološko laboratorijsko ispitivanje, dok vrhnje mora proći samo prijemno i mikrobiološko ispitivanje. Nakon toga mlijeko se zaprima u uređajima za prijem mlijeka i vrhnja, te odlazi na toplinsku obradu, tj. pasterizaciju. Svježi krem sir je vrsta svježeg sira koji je dobiven iz tipiziranog vrhnja, a Tvornica mliječnih proizvoda “Belje” proizvodi abc svježi krem sir i to: clasic, pikant, povrće, šunka i vlasac. Osnovna sirovina za dobivanje abc svježih krem sireva je 10 % vrhnje. Vrhnje sa 10% mliječne masti se zaprima sa temperaturom od 24°C. U proizvodnji svježih krem sireva s dodatcima kao što su paprika, vlasac i hren potrebna je pasterizacija tih dodataka u Stephan cutteru. Mliječni namaz je mliječna prerađevina, tip emulzije voda u ulju, dobiven od određenih mliječnih komponenti. Tvornica mliječnih proizvoda “Belje” proizvodi mliječni namaz pod imenom vajkrem. Osnovna sirovina za dobivanje vajkrema svježih krem sireva je 36% vrhnje, vrhnje sa 36% mliječne masti se zaprima sa temperaturom od 24°C.Milk and cream first must be technologically prepared to get quality fresh cheese and milk layer. Milk goes to admisssionary, chemical and microbiological laboratory examination, while cream only needs to be admisssionary and microbiologicaly tested. After that milk is stored in milk and cream receiving devices and then goes to heat treatment, i.e. pasteurization. Fresh cream cheese is a brand of cheese which is made out of typizied cream and factory of milk products „Belje“ produces abc fresh cheese of following types: classic, spicy, vegetables, ham and chives. Basic raw in making abc fresh cream cheese is 10% of cream. Cream which contains 10% of milk fat is stored on temperature of 24°C. In making fresh cream cheese with additives like pepper, chives and horse radish, these additives need to be pasteurizied in Stephan cutter. Milk layer is a derivative of milk, type of emulsion of water in oil, which is made out of specific milk components. Factory of milk products „Belje“ produces milk layer named vajkrem. Basic raw in making vajkrem fresh cream cheese is 36% of cream. Cream which contains 36% of milk fat is stored on temperature of 24°C