Evaluation of microencapsulation as an improved vaccination strategy against brucellosis

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of nearly worldwide distribution. Despite the availability of live vaccine strains for bovine (S19, RB51) and small ruminants (Rev 1), these vaccines have several drawbacks including residual virulence for animals and humans. Safe and efficacious immunization systems are therefore needed to overcome these disadvantages. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus mutants in the luxR gene were generated and investigated for theri potential use as improve vaccine candidates. Immunization with a sustained release vehicle to enhance vaccination efficacy was evaluated utilizing the live mutants in encapsulated alginate microspheres containing a non-immunogenic eggshell precursor protein of the parasite Fasciola hepatica (Vitelline protein B, VpB). BALB/c mice were immunized with either encapsulated or nonencapsulated vaccine candidates to evaluate immunogenicity, safety and protective efficacy. The results suggest that luxR mutants, are attenuated in the mouse and macrophage model and appear good and safe vaccine candidates when the immunogen is given in a microencapsulated format. We were also able to demonstrate the utility of microencapsulation in oral delivery by increasing vaccine performance of current licensed vaccine strains in a natural host, the Red Deer. Together, these results suggest that microencapsulation of live Brucella produces an enhanced delivery vaccine system against brucellosis increasing the efficacy of poorly-performing nonencapsulated vaccine candidates

Caprine brucellosis : a historically neglected disease with significant impact on public health

Caprine brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the gram-negative cocci-bacillus Brucella melitensis. Middle- to late-term abortion, stillbirths, and the delivery of weak offspring are the characteristic clinical signs of the disease that is associated with an extensive negative impact in a flock's productivity. B. melitensis is also the most virulent Brucella species for humans, responsible for a severely debilitating and disabling illness that results in high morbidity with intermittent fever, chills, sweats, weakness, myalgia, abortion, osteoarticular complications, endocarditis, depression, anorexia, and low mortality. Historical observations indicate that goats have been the hosts of B. melitensis for centuries; but around 1905, the Greek physician Themistokles Zammit was able to build the epidemiological link between ªMalta feverº and the consumption of goat milk. While the disease has been successfully managed in most industrialized countries, it remains a significant burden on goat and human health in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Central and Southeast Asia (including India and China), sub-Saharan Africa, and certain areas in Latin America, where approximately 3.5 billion people live at risk. In this review, we describe a historical evolution of the disease, highlight the current worldwide distribution, and estimate (by simple formula) the approximate costs of brucellosis outbreaks to meat- and milk-producing farms and the economic losses associated with the disease in humans. Successful control leading to eradication of caprine brucellosis in the developing world will require a coordinated Global One Health approach involving active involvement of human and animal health efforts to enhance public health and improve livestock productivity.Inst. de PatobiologíaFil: Rossetti, Carlos Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Arenas-Gamboa, Angela M. Texas A&M University. College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Maurizio, Estefania. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentin

Bovine brucellosis seroprevalence, farmers’ awareness, practices and animal health extension services inputs in Mpwapwa district, Tanzania

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by gram negative cocobacillus bacteria of the genus Brucella. In cattle, the disease is caused by Brucella abortus. One of the main symptoms of brucellosis is the induction of abortion in the late term of gestation and first trimester in humans, drop in milk production resulting in economic and public health. Livestock is a key agricultural sub sector in Tanzania, depended by over 80% of rural household and contribute 5.9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and cattle contribute 75% of all livestock in the country. In Mpwapwa District (Dodoma region), livestock keeping is one of the major means of economic activities, contribute 45% of district GDP and has significant contribution to the poverty reduction and food security. This district had sporadic cases of abortions in cattle and fever of unknown origin human possible related to brucellosis. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the current seroprevalence of brucellosis in this district where there is no history of vaccination against brucellosis. A total of 545 serum samples were collected from sexually active cows and heifers in extensive farming system to detect antibodies against Brucella abortus using Rose Bengal Plate test(RBPT) followed by competitive ELISA(cELISA). A questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) related to milk borne zoonosis (brucellosis) and efficiency of animal health extension services delivery was administered to 73 livestock keepers. Bovine brucellosis seroprevalence indicated that 57/545 (10.5%) cows tested were positive  reactors by RBPT as screening test of which 5/57 (0.92%) confirmed positive by cELISA. 45% of the farmers have experienced several abortions in their cows, 78% were not aware of milk born zoonosis, 43% drink raw milk, 7% eat uncooked meat and 91% are not aware of the zoonotic potential of raw milk consumption. As for animal health services delivery, only 52% of farmers had access to animal health extension services and 97% of farmers have never seen samples being taken from their animals for further laboratory analysis. The findings from this study suggest that both bovine and humans are at potential risk of contracting brucellosis because of the presence of the disease in cattle population, the habit of drinking raw milk, unawareness of the disease and its impact to humans and inadequate extension service delivery. Keywords: Rose Bengal Plate test, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Knowledge and Attitude

A Neglected Animal Model for a Neglected Disease: Guinea Pigs and the Search for an Improved Animal Model for Human Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by species of the Brucella genus and affects a wide variety of domestic and wildlife species and is also an important zoonosis. The global burden of disease is difficult to assess but Brucella spp. have a worldwide distribution and are endemic in the Middle East, Africa, South America, and Asia. The clinical signs of fever and malaise are non-specific, and the available serological diagnostic tests lack a high degree specificity in endemic regions compared to other important public health diseases such as malaria. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of brucellosis through discoveries in animal models could lead to improved diagnostics and potentially a vaccine for human use. Mouse models have played an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis but do not replicate key features of the disease such as fever. Guinea pigs were instrumental in exploring the pathogenesis of brucellosis in the early nineteenth century and could offer an improvement on the mouse model as a model for human brucellosis

Aplicación de un software educativo y el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en estudiantes de educación secundaria de la Institución Educativa “Peruano Suizo” de Villa El Salvador – año 2013

La presente investigación titulada: Aplicación de un software educativo y el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en estudiantes de educación secundaria de la Institución Educativa “Peruano Suizo” de Villa el Salvador – año 2013, ha tenido como problema general: ¿Qué efecto tiene la aplicación de un Software Educativo en el aprendizaje de la matemática de los estudiantes del primer grado de educación secundaria de la I.E. “Peruano Suizo” Nº 7084 V.E.S, año 2013? así como Objetivo General: Determinar el efecto del software educativo en el proceso de aprendizaje de la matemática de los estudiantes del primer grado de Educación secundaria de la I.E. “Peruano Suizo” Nº 7084 V.E.S, año 2013, mediante la aplicación del software KBRUCH. En cuanto a la metodología podemos señalar según Ávila (1990, p.25) es de tipo Aplicada; corresponde al Método Hipotético deductivo según Bernal (2006, p.56) y el diseño Cuasi Experimental, según Hernández, Fernández y Baptista (2006, 173), la muestra ha estado conformada para el grupo experimental de 58 alumnos y para el grupo de control de 53 alumnos del primer año de Educación Secundaria, como instrumento del experimento se desarrollaron catorce sesiones de aprendizaje y como pruebas de entrada y salida once ítems sobre la variable dependiente. Entre las conclusiones podemos señalar que los grupos control y experimental presentan en la prueba de salida diferencias significativas, con puntajes superiores en el grupo experimental, por lo tanto podemos afirmar que la aplicación del Software Educativo en los estudiantes, tiene un efecto positivo, en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas, en el año 2013

Identification of \u3ci\u3eBrucella\u3c/i\u3e spp. in feral swine (\u3ci\u3eSus scrofa\u3c/i\u3e) at abattoirs in Texas, USA

Various tissues, nasal swabs, urine and blood samples were collected from 376 feral swine at two federally inspected abattoirs in Texas during six separate sampling periods in 2015. Samples were tested for Brucella spp. by culture and serology. Brucella spp. were cultured from 13.0% of feral swine, and antibodies were detected in 9.8%. Only 32.7% of culture-positive feral swine were also antibody positive, and 43.2% of antibody-positive feral swine were culture positive. Approximately, the same number of males (14.0%) and females (12.1%) were culture positive, and slightly more males (10.5%) than females (8.7%) were antibody positive. Our results indicate that serology likely underestimates the prevalence of feral swine infected, and that those who come in contact with feral swine should be aware of the symptoms of infection with Brucella spp. to ensure prompt treatment

Proposal for the creation of the department of promotion and prevention of the cooperative specialized in health and integral development in Santander "COESAN" in its organic and functional structure

La promoción de la salud consiste en proporcionar a los pueblos los medios necesarios para mejorar su salud y ejercer un mayor control sobre la misma. Para alcanzar el estado adecuado de bienestar físico, mental y social, un individuo o grupo debe ser capaz de identificar y realizar sus aspiraciones, de satisfacer sus necesidades y de cambiar o adaptarse al medio ambiente”. A lo largo de la historia de la organización para la prestación de los servicios de salud, ha recibido diversos nombres. Sistemas de atención médica, sistemas de salud, sistemas de prestación de servicios de salud, sistemas de asistencia. Igualmente se ha evolucionado en la razón de ser de ellos. Inicialmente se entendía como la acción del médico sobre el enfermo con el objetivo de curarlo. Hoy en día se habla de equipo de salud que contribuye con su accionar en la búsqueda de una mejor calidad de vida.INTRODUCCIÓN 7 1. JUSTIFICACIÓN 11 2. OBJETIVOS 13 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 13 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 13 3. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 15 3.1 GENERALIDADES INSTITUCIONAL 15 3.2 MARCO CONCEPTUAL 26 3.3 MARCO LEGAL 37 4. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO 42 4.1 TIPO DE ESTUDIO 42 4.2 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO 42 4.3 POBLACIÓN 42 4.4 RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS 43 4.5 ANÁLISIS DE LA INFORMACIÓN 43 4.6 PRESENTACIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN 44 4.7 TIEMPO 44 5. DIAGNÓSTICO Y ANALISIS SITUACIONAL 45 6. DISEÑO DE LA PROPUESTA 55 6.1 PORTAFOLIO 57 6.2 MISIÓN 57 6.3 VISIÓN 58 6.4 OBJETIVOS 59 6.5 ESTRUCTURA ORGÁNICA 60 6.6 ESTRUCTURA FUNCIONAL 62 7. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 71 BIBLIOGRAFIA 72 ANEXOS 76EspecializaciónHealth promotion consists of providing people with the necessary means to improve their health and exercise greater control over it. In order to achieve the appropriate state of physical, mental and social well-being, an individual or The group must be able to identify and realize its aspirations, to satisfy its needs, and to change or adapt to the environment. Throughout the history of the organization for the provision of health services, it has received various names. Health care systems, health systems, health service delivery systems, assistance systems. Likewise, their raison d'être has evolved. Initially it was understood as the doctor's action on the patient with the aim of curing him. Today we speak of a health team that contributes with its actions in the search for a better quality of life

Brucellosis remains a neglected disease inthe developing world: a call forinterdisciplinary action

Brucellosis places significant burdens on the human healthcare system and limits the economic growth of individuals, communities, and nations where such development is especially important to diminish the prevalence of poverty. The implementation of public policy focused on mitigating the socioeconomic effects of brucellosis in human and animal populations is desperately needed. When developing a plan to mitigate the associated consequences, it is vital to consider both the abstract and quantifiable effects. This requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative, or One Health, approach that consists of public education, the development of an infrastructure for disease surveillance and reporting in both veterinary and medical fields, and campaigns for control in livestock and wildlife species