Mapping the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio in the massive star forming region G29.96-0.02

Estimating molecular abundances ratios from the direct measurement of the emission of the molecules towards a variety of interstellar environments is indeed very useful to advance in our understanding of the chemical evolution of the Galaxy, and hence of the physical processes related to the chemistry. It is necessary to increase the sample of molecular clouds, located at different distances, in which the behavior of molecular abundance ratios, such as the 13CO/C18O ratio (X), is studied in detail. We selected the well-studied high-mass star-forming region G29.96-0.02, located at a distance of about 6.2 kpc, which is an ideal laboratory to perform this kind of studies. To study the X towards this region it was used 12CO J=3-2 data obtained from COHRS, 13CO and C18O J=3-2 data from CHIMPS, and 13CO and C18O J=2-1 data retrieved from the CDS database (observed with the IRAM 30m telescope). The distribution of column densities and X throughout the molecular cloud was studied based on LTE and non-LTE methods. Values of X between 1.5 to 10.5, with an average of 5, were found, showing that, besides the dependency between X and the galactocentric distance, the local physical conditions may strongly affect this abundance ratio. We found that correlating the X map with the location of the ionized gas and dark clouds allows us to suggest in which regions the far-UV radiation stalls in dense gaseous components, and in which ones it escapes and selectively photodissociates the C18O isotope. The non-LTE analysis shows that the molecular gas has very different physical conditions, not only spatially across the cloud, but also along the line of sight. This kind of studies may represent a tool to indirectly estimate (from molecular lines observations) the degree of photodissociation in molecular clouds, which is indeed useful to study the chemistry in the interstellar medium.Comment: Accepted in A&A (July 10, 2018

« Petite ville est devenue bien grande. Le cas de Billom en Auvergne au bas Moyen Âge »

International audienceTheoretically, the community of Billom, located in the domain of the bishop of Clermont, was under the jurisdiction of the first prelate of Auvergne, but the actual state of affairs was far more complex. Billom – a bonne ville by royal will – was stage to opposition between a bishop wishing to be its sole lord, a collegiate chapter standing for its independence and rights, and Billom’s inhabitants represented by their delegates and wealthy burghers. Such ‘conflicts’, however, did not keep this locality from becoming an important center of government and administration, nor from hosting a weekly market and renowned centers of scholarly learning. The case study around the community of Billom contributes to research on the reality of the medieval small town, while it helps to establish criteria for its definition in keeping with that research framework.Située dans la seigneurie épiscopale de Clermont, la localité de Billom relève théoriquement du premier prélat d’Auvergne, mais la situation réelle est bien plus complexe. Bonne Ville par volonté royale, Billom est le terrain d’oppositions entre un évêque se voulant seul seigneur, un chapitre collégial qui défend son indépendance et ses droits, et des habitants représenté par leurs consuls et leurs grands bourgeois. Ces « conflits » n’empêchent pourtant pas la ville de devenir un centre de gouvernement et de gestion important, ni d’accueillir un marché hebdomadaire ou des lieux de formation scolaires reconnus. L’étude de cas autour de la localité auvergnate de Billom participe au questionnement sur la réalité des petites villes du Moyen Âge, et permet de faire ressortir des critères de définitions de la petite ville médiévale dans le cadre de ce questionnement

Integrating spatial dependence into stochastic frontier analysis

An approach to incorporate spatial dependence into Stochastic Frontier analysis is developed and applied to a sample of 215 dairy farms in England and Wales. A number of alternative specifications for the spatial weight matrix are used to analyse the effect of these on the estimation of spatial dependence. Estimation is conducted using a Bayesian approach and results indicate that spatial dependence is present when explaining technical inefficiency.Spatial dependence, technical efficiency, Bayesian, spatial weight matrix

« Chacun chez soi, et les moutons seront biens gardés ». Justice des prés dans la châtellenie de Vertaizon (XIVe – XVe siècles)

National audienceEn 1410, le bailli de Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, responsable des exempts d'Auvergne, lance une grande enquête dans la châtellenie de Vertaizon. L'évêque de Clermont, seigneur du lieu, est en conflit avec ses voisins, seigneurs de Moissat et Espirat. La raison de cette opposition : les pâtures et les droits en découlant, qui semblent être outrepassés très régulièrement.Cet article propose d'analyser ce conflit via le rouleau des témoignages des témoins pro-épiscopaux, conservés dans le fonds des Archives départementales du Puy-de-Dôme. Le document, riche en informations, permet à la fois de suivre les étapes du conflit depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années, mais il livre aussi des données importantes sur la vie dans ces territoires au XIVe siècle et sur l'histoire médiévale de l'Auvergne plus largement

O que é uma imagem?

O que é uma imagem? É uma pergunta talvez estranha. Todos sabemos o que é uma imagem e facilmente reconhecemos a importância das imagens no mundo de hoje. É precisamente por causa da sua omnipresença que me pareceu interessante colocar esta pergunta e voltar à sua definição elementar

Provision of an environmental output within a multi-output distance function approach

This paper redefines technical efficiency by incorporating provision of environmental goods as one of the outputs of the farm within a multi-outptut distance function framework. Permanent and rough grassland area are used as a proxy for the provision of environmental goods. The multi-output distance function approach is used to estimate technical efficiency. A Bayesian procedure involving the use of a Gibbs sampler is used to estimate the farm specific efficiency as well as the coefficients of the distance function. In addition, a number of explanatory variables for the efficiency were introduced in the analysis and posterior distributions of those were obtained. The methodology is applied to panel data on 215 dairy farms in England and Wales from the Defra Farm Business Survey. Results show that both farm efficiency rankings and determinants of inefficiency change when provision of environmental outputs by farms is incorporated in the efficiency analysis, which may have important political implications.Technical efficiency, environmental good, multi-output

Impacto de las alteraciones de la línea media en la percepción de la estética de la sonrisa en función del sexo

Antecedentes: estudios previos han demostrado que las asimetrías dentales influyen en la percepción de la estética facial. No obstante no se ha establecido si esta influencia variará dependiendo del sexo del sujeto observado. Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es establecer la influencia del sexo sobre la percepción de las desviaciones de línea media dental en una población lega. Material y método: sobre una fotografía de cara completa de un sujeto masculino y otro femenino se realiza un modelo artificialmente simétrico sobre el que con la ayuda del programa Photoshop CS6 se producen modificaciones en la disposición e inclinación de la línea media. Obteniendo un total de 15 fotografías, las cuales se agrupan en 4 PowerPoint ordenados aleatoriamente sobre un fondo negro. Se presentan a una muestra de 124 personas ajenas a la odontología y califican la estética de la sonrisa según la escala Lickert, de 1 a 4. Resultados: se realiza el análisis estadístico de los datos con el programa SPSS 22. Obteniendo que en el caso de los hombres las desviaciones pasan desapercibidas, siendo observadas en la mujer como no atractivas a partir de los 2mm. Respecto a la inclinación de la línea media, se percibe como no atractiva a partir de 1 grado en los hombres y de 3 grados en las mujeres. No habiendo diferencias significativas según el sexo, edad o nivel de estudios del observador. Conclusión: las desviaciones de la línea media tienen un mayor impacto en la mujer que en el hombre, a pesar de que en general las mujeres reciben puntuaciones más altas. No ocurre lo mismo en el caso de las inclinaciones, las cuales producen un impacto negativo en la estética a partir de niveles más bajos, tanto en el hombre como en la mujer.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Odontología. Máster en Odontología Restauradora, Estética y Funciona