A Woman Alone and Writing: Anti-Ideology and Artistic Irony in Writings of Mary Shelley

This study focuses upon the letters, journals and selected fiction of Mary Shelley and reveals that Shelley engages in the processes of anti-ideology and artistic irony to help her explore gender identity. To show her consistent use of these processes, I juxtapose excerpts from her letters and journals with excerpts from her fiction. The fiction selections are narrowed to three: Frankenstein, Mathilda and The Last Man. In addition, I examine her writing and her use of anti-ideology and artistic irony relative to the influences of her significant others: her mother Mary Wollstonecraft, her father William Godwin and her husband Percy Shelley. In doing so, I also consider the influences of Mary Wollstonecraft\u27s and William Godwin\u27s ideologies. I find that using the processes of anti-ideology to question gender construction and identity does not ultimately work for Shelley since her creative imagination cannot effectively escape the influence of masculine constructions about gender. My study reveals that these masculine constructions are firmly rooted within Shelley\u27s imagination and, as a result, they appear throughout Shelley\u27s journals and letters and in her characterization, plot and figures of speech. Because the masculine constructions about gender identity so heavily influence Shelley\u27s creativity, the anti-ideological questioning process and the artistic irony processes of creation and de-creation do not succeed for Shelley

A Woman Alone and Writing: Anti-Ideology and Artistic Irony in Writings of Mary Shelley

This study focuses upon the letters, journals and selected fiction of Mary Shelley and reveals that Shelley engages in the processes of anti-ideology and artistic irony to help her explore gender identity. To show her consistent use of these processes, I juxtapose excerpts from her letters and journals with excerpts from her fiction. The fiction selections are narrowed to three: Frankenstein, Mathilda and The Last Man. In addition, I examine her writing and her use of anti-ideology and artistic irony relative to the influences of her significant others: her mother Mary Wollstonecraft, her father William Godwin and her husband Percy Shelley. In doing so, I also consider the influences of Mary Wollstonecraft\u27s and William Godwin\u27s ideologies. I find that using the processes of anti-ideology to question gender construction and identity does not ultimately work for Shelley since her creative imagination cannot effectively escape the influence of masculine constructions about gender. My study reveals that these masculine constructions are firmly rooted within Shelley\u27s imagination and, as a result, they appear throughout Shelley\u27s journals and letters and in her characterization, plot and figures of speech. Because the masculine constructions about gender identity so heavily influence Shelley\u27s creativity, the anti-ideological questioning process and the artistic irony processes of creation and de-creation do not succeed for Shelley

Discipliner la langue révolutionnée

Le propos de cet article est d’envisager la langue russe en ce qu’elle a subi l’influence de la période révolutionnaire, en ce qu’elle a enregistré des transformations occasionnées par les soubresauts de l’histoire. Plusieurs linguistes du temps, en Russie mais aussi à l’étranger, se sont interrogés sur les possibles changements produits par la révolution et ont tenté de dresser un état des lieux de ces bouleversements. Nous évoquerons ces travaux, sans chercher pour autant à en faire à l’inventaire. Nous nous pencherons également sur les politiques linguistiques mises en place durant la révolution, en portant attention au discours des linguistes, mais aussi des personnalités politiques sur la langue et ses usages.This paper describes the influence of the revolutionary period on the Russian language, which bears the marks of a turbulent history. Several linguists of those times, both in Russia and abroad, wondered about the possible changes brought by the revolution and tried to establish a state of play of those upheavals. With no aim of cataloging them, those works are going to be evoked. The language policies implemented during the revolution will be examined, paying a special attention to the discourse of the linguists, alongside the one of the political figures about language and its uses

Andrej Anatol′evič Zaliznjak

Avec la disparition d’Andrej Anatol′evič Zaliznjak, décédé le 24 décembre 2017 à Moscou, la slavistique perd une personnalité de tout premier plan, un grand spécialiste de linguistique comparative, des langues anciennes, mais aussi et surtout de l’étude de la langue russe, prise en synchronie et en diachronie, et qui bénéficiait pour l’ensemble de son œuvre d’une immense reconnaissance, tant en Russie que dans le monde. Né à Moscou le 29 avril 1933, Andrej Zaliznjak avait fait s..

Viktor Markovič Živov, История языка русской письменности

En 2013, Viktor M. Živov disparaissait prématurément, à l’âge de 68 ans, laissant un vide considérable parmi les linguistes russisants. Éminent philologue et linguiste, spécialiste de littérature russe ancienne et d’histoire de la langue russe, il avait été professeur à l’université de Moscou jusqu’en 2001 et directeur adjoint de l’Institut de la langue russe de l’Académie des sciences de Russie et, à partir de 1995, professeur à l’Université de Californie à Berkeley. Cette de..

Claude Frioux

Claude Frioux est né le 12 janvier 1932 à Paris et mort à Nemours le 17 avril 2017. Ancien élève de la rue d’Ulm, il avait été le premier, avec Michel Aucouturier, à y être admis comme élève russisant, avant de faire un séjour d’études en URSS pour un stage à l’université de Moscou entre 1954 et 1956. C’est lors de ce séjour qu’il fit la connaissance d’André Siniavski, alors jeune chercheur et critique littéraire chargé d’un cours de littérature à l’université de Moscou, et de Boris Pasternak..

De la philologie à la linguistique : l’éclatement d’une discipline

Nous proposons dans cet article de brosser à grands traits le développement de la discipline philologique en Russie au xixe siècle, jusqu’à son éviction par la linguistique au début des années 1920. À l’image de sa matrice allemande, la philologie russe est une discipline large, qui embrasse l’étude des langues et des textes, notamment anciens, mais aussi l’ethnographie, l’histoire, l’étude du folklore et des arts... Même si la philologie avait trouvé dans la slavistique une véritable terre d’élection, l’explosion des savoirs et des données recueillies par l’ensemble de ses sous-domaines devait mener à des spécialisations qui rendaient difficiles le maintien d’un ensemble cohérent et précipiter son éclatement. De grands linguistes du temps, dont Baudouin de Courtenay, l’ont rejetée pour son goût immodéré des textes écrits, son obsession des détails et son indifférence envers les corpus oraux pris dans leur variété. Seule une discipline nouvelle leur paraissait susceptible de renouveler en profondeur objets et méthodes.We aim in this presentation to outline the development of the philological discipline in Russia in the nineteenth century, until it was ousted by linguistics in the early 1920s. Like its German matrix, Russian philology is a broad discipline that embraces the study of languages and texts, including ancient ones, but also ethnography, history, the study of folklore and the arts... Even if philology had found a rich home in Slavistics, the huge increase of knowledge and data gathered by all the sub-domains of philology eventually led to specializations which it was difficult to keep together as a coherent whole, a fact which inevitably precipitated the breakingup of the field. Several great linguists of the time, including Baudouin de Courtenay, rejected it for its immoderate taste for written texts, its obsession with details and its indifference to the various oral corpora. It was felt that only a new discipline would be capable of an in-depth renewal of objects and methods

Combining taxon-by-trait and taxon-by-site matrices for analysing trait patterns of macroinvertebrate communities: a rejoinder to Monaghan & Soares (2014)

In a recent paper, Heino, Schmera & Erős (2013) provided an overview of trait 58 patterns of stream communities from a macroecological perspective. In this paper , 59 reference was made to Gayraud et al . (2003) , who showed that abundance - weighted 60 traits were less powe rful than presence - absence weighted traits in discriminating 61 communities under different degrees of human impacts , and to Statzner & Beche 62 (2010) , who therefore advocated the use of the second type of weighting for practical 63 biomonitoring due to logis tic constrains ( e.g. sorting of qualitative samples makes 64 3 assessment program me s more cost effective) . H eino et al . (2013) pointed out that 65 t hese findings contradict the results of taxon - based analyses which suggest that , if 66 taxa are weighted by their abund ance , then communities are better separated in 67 relation to environmental variation than when taxa are weighted only by their 68 presence . Based on an overview of the literature, Heino et al . (2013) concluded that 69 results of presence - and abundance - based analy ses should be evaluated carefully 70 when examining traits of organisms, because differences among studies can reflect 71 both methodological (i.e. handling of data) and real ecological differences (see p. 72 1549 in H eino et al ., 2013 ) . More recently, Monaghan & S oares (2014 ) stated that (1) 73 H eino et al . (2013) identified the weak explanatory power of abundance data as a 74 major limitation of macroinvertebrat e trait analysis and that (2) the log - transformation 75 of abundance data may cause anomalies in trait - based anal yses. W e disagree with 76 both conclusions , because (1) H eino et al . (2013) did not actually state this (see 77 above) and because (2), in our view, log - transformation of abundance data in trait - 78 based analyses can also be meaningful . To reveal the causes of thes e differ ing views , 79 we go through the examples provided by M onaghan & Soares (2014) and examine 80 how traits can be weighted by the presence, abundance and log - transformed 81 abundance of the taxa . To do this, firs t we define the terminology used here , comment 82 o n the approach of M onaghan & Soares (2014) and show how this procedure should 83 be performed

The generality of changes in the trait composition of fish and invertebrate communities after flow restoration in a large river (French Rhône)

1. A multiple-trait-based approach can provide predictions and interpretations of the responses of freshwater communities to river restoration that apply in different taxonomic contexts. We compared the observed and predicted effects of restoration on sets of traits in fish and invertebrate communities in four reaches of the Rhône River. Restoration included minimum flow increases in three bypassed main channels and the reconnection of eight floodplain channels. 2. Predictions (described in detail in three other articles in this Special Issue) were based on habitat models that related the density of modelled taxa to their physical habitats. We used trait information extracted from the literature to translate predicted taxonomic changes into predicted changes in traits. Observed changes in traits calculated for modelled taxa and for all taxa in the community were both compared to predictions. 3. In 10 of 12 cases, observed changes in traits correlated with predicted ones. With few exceptions, the agreement was higher for fish and invertebrates in the main channels than for invertebrates in floodplain channels. Predictions translated to the trait category level improved those at the taxonomic level in 5/6 and 4/6 cases for modelled taxa and all taxa, respectively. However, the improvement was statistically significant according to a null model for 1/6 and 3/6 cases for modelled taxa and all taxa, respectively. 4. The validation of trait predictions suggested that traits related to locomotion and attachment, as well as general biology and physiology, were particularly suited to predicting and understanding the effects of physical restoration. For example, after restoration, clingers and passive filter feeders dominated invertebrate communities in the main channels, whereas invertebrate communities in the floodplain underwent a selection of traits frequent in running water (clingers, flattened shape and gill respiration). Within fish communities, the periodic life-history strategy that characterises fish species in downstream reaches (long life span, large body, late sexual maturity) increased with restoration, whereas the opportunistic strategy decreased. 5. Our results suggest that a better understanding of how hydraulics shapes traits in riverine systems is critically needed for assessing the effects of restoration measures impacting flow. In addition, existing trait databases (especially for fish) should be expanded to better reflect the energetic trade-offs that organisms must make in various flow contexts