Spor tırmanışta düşme kaygısının farklı ip protokollerinde bazı fizyolojik parametrelere etkisi

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of falling anxiety on selected physiological parameters in sport rock climbing. For this aim, before performing  the top-rope and lead climbing, the anxiety inventory was used in sport rock climbers. Afterwards, the selected physiological parameters were recorded during the climbing. Four female and 22 male, totally 26 middle level rock climber were participated to the study. The mean age of the subjects was 27.73 ± 6.67, climbing years 6.61 ±4.84 and lead climbing age was 5.71 ±4.34.  In order to eliminate force loss differences between top-rope and lead climbing, top rope climbing was designed as if it is a lead climbing. The second rope was connected on the waist of the athletes during top-rope climbing and they clipped it to expresses such as leading. The ascents were perforformed on 15 m high climbing wall. The route was rated as VI grad (Unıon Internationale des Association d’Alpinisme). During both climbing  hearth rate was recorded and energy consumption was measured by portable gas analyzer as MET and VO2ml.min.kg units. Though gas analyzer VE, RER were measured.  When two types of climbing trial compared, results indicated that there were statistically significant mean difference between CSAI-2 subscales cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. When physiological parameters examined in terms of two different types of climbing, results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in HR values. However, there were significant differences found between VO2ml.min.kg, VE, RER, and MET values. There wasn’t found significant difference in climbing times between two trials. This result shows us that we designed the ascents successfully and could eliminate the physical differences both lead and top-rope climbing. We observed on the same work load of two climbing trials more oxygen consumption, energy expenditure and anxiety scores during leading. This establishs that falling anxiety influences on physiologic parameters.Bu çalışmanın amacı orta seviyedeki spor kaya tırmanıcılarında düşme kaygısının, bazı fizyolojik değerler üzerinde ne derece etkili olduğunun incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla, spor kaya tırmanıcılarına üstten emniyetli ve lider tırmanış yöntemleri ile çıkış yaptırılmış bunların hemen öncesinde de kaygı envanteri uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra sporcuların tırmanış sırasındaki bazı fizyolojik değişiklikleri kaydedilmiştir.Çalışmaya 4 kadın ve 22 erkek olmak üzere toplam 26 orta düzey kaya tırmanışçısı katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalamaları 27.73 ±6.67, tırmanış yaşları 6.61 ±4.84 lider tırmanış yaşları 5.71 ±4.34’dür.Lider tırmanış ile üstten emniyetli tırmanış arasındaki kuvvete ilişkin farklılıkları ortadan kaldırmak için üstten emniyetli tırmanış aynı zamanda lider demo şeklinde tasarlanmıştır. Sporcular bellerine bağlı ikinci bir ipi lider tırmanıştaki gibi taşımış ve ara emniyet noktalarında ekspreslere takmışlardır. Tırmanışlar VI derece zorluktaki ve 15 m uzunluğundaki rota üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.Her iki tırmanış sırasında kalp atım hızları kaydedilmiş, taşınabilir gaz analizörü sayesinde enerji tüketimleri MET ve VO2ml.kg.dk cinsinden ölçülmüştür. Yine analizör aracılığıyla katılımcılara ait VE (dakika ventilasyonu) ve RER (solunum değişim oranı) değerleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, her iki tırmanış yöntemi karşılaştırıldığında, CSAI-2 alt ölçekleri; bilişsel kaygı, bedensel kaygı ve kendine güven için anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Fizyolojik parametreler incelendiğinde ise; KAH için ortalama karşılaştırmalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır. Ancak; VO2ml.kg.dk, VE, RER ve MET sonuçları arasında anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür.İki tırmanış yöntemine ait süreler arasında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farka rastlanmamıştır. Bu sonuç üstten emniyetli tırmanışın başarılı bir şekilde demo edildiğinin ve yöntemler arasındaki fiziksel farklılıkların eşitlenebildiğinin göstergesidir. Aynı iş yükünde tırmanılmasına rağmen lider tırmanış sırasında oksijen kullanımı ve enerji tüketimi, kaygı düzeyi gibi yüksek çıkmıştır. Bu da düşme kaygısının fizyolojik parametreler üzerinde de etkili olduğunun göstergesidir

Digital Transformation and Openness in the Turkish Higher Education System

This chapter introduces openness in education and open educational resources (OER) in Turkey. To better understand and conceptualize the Turkish case, there is a need to briefly introduce Turkish HE and how openness is perceived by Turkish Society. By 2021, the total population of Turkey is around 85 million and approximately 10% of its population (around 8 million) attends higher education (HE). HE in Turkey is delivered through face-to-face, distance, and open education modalities. In this context, it should be noted that due to Turkish regulations, there are distinct differences in the definition of distance education and open education. Accordingly, open education offers open admissions with minimal entry requirements and flexible learning opportunities (e.g., self-paced, attendance is not required), on the other hand, distance education offers partly flexible admissions (e.g., predefined entry requirements, attendance is required, students should pay for the courses). The demand for HE is high, but the number of accepted students is relatively low compared to the total demand. As such, open education is a viable solution for the Turkish HE system

Experimental laboratory modeling of choroidal vasculature: A study of the dynamics of intraoperative choroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy

Amaç: Koroid kanamaları (KK), koroid damarlarının rüptürü ve kanın supra koroid boşluğuna ekstravazasyonu ile meydana gelir. Koroid damar sistemini daha iyi şekilde anlamak için, bu çalışmada amaca yönelik olarak ölçeklendirilmiş bir model kullanıldı. Bu model aracılığıyla, koroid damar sistemindeki stres düzeyleri farklı koşullar altında ölçüldü. Gereç ve Yöntem: Koroid damar yapısı modelinde, 1 cm genişliğinde ve 10 cm uzunluğunda lastik bir tüp kullanıldı. Modeldeki stres seviye ölçümü için ise özel iletken iplik kullanıldı. Modeldeki stres seviyeleri, farklı sistemik intravasküler kan basıncı seviyeleri (İVB), farklı göz içi basınç seviyeleri (GİB) ve farklı distorsiyon seviyeleri altında ölçüldü. Bulgular: Koroid damar modelindeki stres değerleri GİB ile negatif, İVB ve distorsiyon ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdi. Tüm korelasyonlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı idi (p<0,05). Ancak, modelde ekspansil tamponad kullanıldığında bu korelasyon ekspansil olmayan tamponadlara göre daha kuvvetliydi. Distorsiyonun stres ile korelasyonu, İVB’nin korelasonuna göre daha güçlü idi. İVB’nin stres ile korelasyonu ise, GİB’nin korelasonuna göre daha güçlü idi. Distorsiyondan kaynaklanan damar yapısındaki stres, yüksek GİB etkisi ile karşılaştırıldığında gerileme gösterirken, yüksek İVB’den kaynaklanan damar yapısındaki stres tam tersine hafif bir artış sergiledi. Sonuç: Cerrahi işlemler sırasında göz küresinin aşırı distorsiyonu, nadiren görülen intraoperatif KK’lerin başlıca nedeni olabilir. Ekspansil olmayan oküler tamponat kullanımı, koroid kanamasına karşı vasküler yatak için daha iyi destek sağlar ve koroid kanaması saptanan hastalarda önerilen tampon çeşidi olmalıdır. GİB’nin aşırı artırılması, distorsiyondan kaynaklanan koroid damarlarındaki kanama riskinin önlenmesinde sınırlı etkiye sahiptir.Objectives: Choroidal hemorrhages (CH) result from rupture of choroidal vessels leading to extravasation of blood into the suprachoroidal space. In this study, we aimed to understand the hemodynamics of CH by developing a purpose-built scale model of the choroidal vasculature and calculating stress levels in the model under different conditions. Materials and Methods: We modeled the choroidal vasculature using a rubber tube 10 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter that was wrapped with conductive thread to enable the measurement of stress at the walls of the tube. Stress levels across the tube were continuously measured under different systemic intravascular blood pressure levels (IVP), intraocular pressure (IOP) levels, and distortion. Results: Stress values across the choroidal vessel model correlated negatively with IOP and positively with IVP and distortion. All correlations were statistically significant (p<0.05) and were stronger when the model was filled with expansile tamponade compared to non-expansile tamponades. Distortion showed the strongest correlation in terms of increasing stress across the model, while IVP showed stronger correlation compared to IOP. Raising IOP to counteract the stress in the model was effective when the stress in the model was secondary to increased IVP, but this approach was not effective when the stress in the model was caused by distortion. Conclusion: Excessive distortion of the globe during surgical maneuvers could be the primary reason for the rarely observed intraoperative CH. Non-expansile ocular tamponade provides better support for the vascular bed against CH and should be the recommended choice of tamponade in patients with existing CH. Increasing IOP excessively is of limited effect in preventing CH in vessels that are under stress as a result of distorting surgical maneuvers

Evaluation of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazards in Some Building Materials Used in Kars

Bu çalışmada, Kars ilinde kullanılan bazı yapı malzemelerinin radyoaktivite seviyeleri ve bu malzemelerinin kullanılmasından kaynaklanabilecek radyolojik riskler belirlendi. Kars'ın değişik bölgelerinden 10 farklı yapı malzemesini (kireçtaşı, kil, tras, alçıtaşı, demir cevheri ve dört farklı çimento numunesi) temsil eden toplam 60 numune toplanmıştır. Bu numunelerdeki 226Ra, 232Th ve 40K radyoizotoplarının radyoaktivite konsantrasyonları HPGe gama ışını spektrometre sistemi ile ölçüldü. 226Ra, 232Th ve 40K radyoizotoplarının ortalama radyoaktivite konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 22,87 Bq kg-1 , 19,49 Bq kg-1 , 265,29 Bq kg-1 ve 1,7 Bq kg-1 olarak bulundu. Elde edilen değerler kullanılarak yapı malzemeleri için radyolojik tehlike indisleri (radyum eşdeğer aktivitesi, yapı içi soğurulmuş doz hızı, yapı içi etkin doz hızı, I indisi ve I indisi) hesaplandı. Bu sonuçlar Türkiye’de ve dünyadaki çeşitli ülkelerde benzer malzemeler için bildirilen sonuçlarla kıyaslandı. Bu araştırmanın sonucunda incelenen yapı malzemelerinin radyolojik bir risk oluşturmadığı ve binaların inşasında güvenle kullanılabileceği görülmüştür.In this study, radioactivity levels of some building materials used in Kars province and radiological risks that could arise from these building materials were determined. A total of 60 samples representing 10 different building materials (limestone, clay, tras, gypsum, iron core and four different cement samples) from various regions of Kars were collected. The radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K radioisotopes in these samples were measured using an HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry system. The mean radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found to be 22.87 Bq kg-1 , 19.49 Bq kg-1 , 265.29 Bq kg-1 and 1.74 Bq kg-1 , respectively. Radiation hazard indices (radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate indoors, annual effective dose rate indoors, I index and I index) were calculated for the building materials using these obtained values. These results were compared with the results reported for similar materials in Turkey and in several countries around the world. As a result of this research, it was observed that the building materials examined did not constitute a radiological risk and could be used safely in the construction of buildings

Intraocular pressure assessment in pediatric cases receiving long-term seasonal allergic conjunctivitis treatment

Amaç: Mevsimsel alerjik konjonktivit (MAK) tanısı ile takip ve tedavi edilen pediatrik yaş grubu hastalarda, dönemsel olarak kullanılan ilaçların uzun dönemde göz içi basıncı (GİB) üzerine olan etkisini araştırmak. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 16 yaş altında, 5 yıl veya daha fazla süredir MAK tedavisi alan 230 olgu (Grup I) ve kontrol grubuna 16 yaş altında sağlıklı 255 olgu (Grup II) dahil edildi. Hastaların GİB ölçümleri non-kontakt tonometri ile yapıldı. Her iki grubun ortalama GİB değerleri istatistiksel olarak kıyaslandı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan olguların yaş ortalaması grup I'de 9.3±2.0, grup II'de 9.1±2.1 bulundu. Grup I'de hastaların MAK nedeni ile tedavi aldıkları süre ortalama 5.3±0.7 yıldı. Grup I'de ortalama GİB sağ gözde 13.7±3.1 mmHg, sol gözde 13.7±2.8 mmHg bulunurken, grup II'de ortalama GİB sağ gözde 13.8±3.1 mmHg, sol gözde 13.9±3.0 mmHg olarak bulundu. İki grubun ortalama GİB değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmadığı görüldü (P>0.05). Grup I'de 11 hastada (% 4.8) tedavi esnasında kortikosteroid kullanımına bağlı geçici GİB yükselmesi olduğu gözlendi. Bu hastaların tümünde kortikosteroid kesildikten sonra GİB normale döndü. Sonuç: Pediatrik olgularda MAK tanısıyla dönemsel olarak verilen medikal tedavinin uzun dönemde GİB üzerine kalıcı bir etkisinin olmadığı görüldü. Bu hastalarda olası akut GİB yükselmesini fark etmek için yakın takibin önemli olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.Objective: To investigate the effect of seasonal drugs on intraocular pressure (IOP) in the long term in pediatric age group who are followed up and treated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The study included 230 cases under the age of 16 who received SAC treatment for 5 years or more (Group I), and 255 healthy cases under the age of 16 in the control group (Group II). IOP measurements of the patients were made with non-contact tonometry. Mean IOP values of both groups were statistically compared. Results: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 9.3±2.0 in group I and 9.1±2.1 in group II. The mean duration of treatment in SAC patients was 5.3±0.7 years. In group I, the mean IOP was 13.7±3.1 mmHg in the right eye, 13.7±2.8 mmHg in the left eye, while in group II the mean IOP was 13.8±3.1 mmHg in the right eye and 13.9±3.0 mmHg in the left eye. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean IOP values of two groups (P>0.05). Temporary IOP elevation due to corticosteroid treatment was observed in 11 patients (4.8%) in group I. In all these patients, IOP lowered to normal limits after corticosteroid treatment discontinued. Conclusion: It was observed that medical treatment, which is given periodically with the diagnosis of SAC in pediatric cases, does not have a permanent effect on IOP in the long term. We think that close follow-up is important to realize possible acute IOP elevation in these patients

Institutional Measures for Supporting OER in Higher Education: An International Case-Based Study

Open Educational Resources (OER) in higher education cannot be put into practice without considering institutional contexts, which differ not only globally but also within the same country. Each institutional context provides educators with opportunities or limitations where Open Educational Practices (OEP) and OER for teaching and learning are involved. As part of a broader research project, and as a follow-up to national perspectives, an international comparison was conducted, based on institutional cases of nine different higher education systems (Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Turkey). Aspects regarding the availability of infrastructure and institutional policies for OER, as well as the existence of measures directed at OER quality assurance and at the promotion of the development and use of OER were covered. The resulting theoretical contribution sheds light on an international comparative view of OER and points towards country-specific trends, as well as differences among institutions. These aspects could provide an impetus for the development of institutional guidelines and measures. In line with international literature on the topic, recommendations are derived to promote/ enhance the use of OER in teaching and learning in higher education at the institutional level.This article is part of the meso level report of work package 11 of the project “Digital educational architectures: Open learning resources in distributed learning infrastructures – EduArc” funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant #16DHB2129)

A brief body scan mindfulness practice has no positive effect on the recovery of heart rate variability and cognitive tasks in female professional basketball players

IntroductionIn this study, we examined the acute effects of a short video-based body scan mindfulness practice on the heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance of professional female basketball players after the first half of a simulated basketball game.MethodsIn this crossover randomized controlled trial, nine professional athletes completed a physical loading protocol on two separate days. The protocol consisted of a 10-min Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 in the first quarter, followed by a 10-min basketball game in the second quarter. Immediately afterward, they were asked to engage in a 10-min mindfulness practice or watch a 10-min nature-based documentary as a type of mental intervention. Their HRV, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index 2 (NASA TLX-2), and Go/No-Go test scores were recorded immediately before and after the physical loading and after the mental intervention.ResultsThe physical demand, effort, and frustration level subscales of the NASA TLX-2 and the RPE scores were found to be significantly higher after the physical loading, and they returned to the baseline level after both types of mental intervention. The Go/No-Go test scores did not differ depending on the measurement time. All time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability parameters, except the low-to-high frequency ratio, were found to be significantly high immediately after the physical loading protocol. However, these parameters returned to their initial levels after both types of mental intervention.DiscussionCompleting the tests involved in the study protocol successfully induced physical fatigue, as evidenced by consistent measurement tools, but the one-time and short-term mindfulness practice had no additional benefits for the recovery of heart rate variability, cognitive tasks, or subjective assessment methods, such as RPE and NASA TLX-2, in basketball players with no previous experience of mindfulness practice

A Comparative Study of National Infrastructures for Digital (Open) Educational Resources in Higher Education

This paper reports on the first stage of an international comparative study for the project “Digital educational architectures: Open learning resources in distributed learning infrastructures–EduArc”, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. This study reviews the situation of digital educational resources (or (O)ER) framed within the digital transformation of ten different Higher Education (HE) systems (Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Turkey and the United States). Following a comparative case study approach, we investigated issues related to the existence of policies, quality assurance mechanisms and measures for the promotion of change in supporting infrastructure development for (O)ER at the national level in HE in the different countries. The results of this mainly documentary research highlight differences and similarities, which are largely due to variations in these countries’ political structure organisation. The discussion and conclusion point at the importance of understanding each country’s context and culture, in order to understand the differences between them, as well as the challenges they face