Mejoramiento de pistas y veredas del Jr. Cuzco cuadra 15 y Pasaje Gildemeister distrito de Huancayo, provincia de Huancayo Junin

El trabajo de suficiencia profesional tuvo como problema general: ¿En qué medida el diseño de pistas y veredas ayudará a mejorar la transitabilidad peatonal y vehicular del Jr. Cuzco cuadra 15 y pasaje Gildermeister distrito de Huancayo, provincia de Huancayo – Junín?, el objetivo principal fue Determinar si el diseño de pistas y veredas mejora la transitabilidad peatonal y vehicular del Jr. cuzco cuadra 15 y pasaje Gildermeister distrito de Huancayo, provincia de Huancayo – Junín. La metodología de investigación fue la siguiente: El tipo de investigación fue aplicado, el nivel de investigación fue descriptivo – explicativo y el diseño de investigación fue no experimental. La población correspondió a la red vial perteneciente al Jr. Cuzco cuadra 15 y pasaje Gildermeister distrito de Huancayo, provincia de Huancayo – Junín. La conclusión general fue estableció que, de acuerdo con el objetivo general, establecer los elementos necesarios para los estudios de ingeniería para el desarrollo del expediente técnico: Mejoramiento de Pistas y Veredas del Jr Cusco y Pasaje Gildermeister, se concluyó que los elementos necesarios identificados en un buen estudio de ingeniería, que deben considerarse en un Proyecto son: Riesgo y la vulnerabilidad, tipo de suelo, tráfico actual, diseño geométrico y espesores del pavimento

Evaluation of precipitation estimation accuracy in reanalyses, satellite products, and an ensemble method for regions in Australia and south and east Asia

Precipitation estimates from reanalyses and satellite observations are routinely used in hydrologic applications, but their accuracy is seldom systematically evaluated. This study used high-resolution gauge-only daily precipitation analyses for Australi

Global analysis of seasonal streamflow predictability using an ensemble prediction system and observations from 6192 small catchments worldwide

Key Points Global bimonthly streamflow forecasts show potentially valuable skill Initial catchment conditions are responsible for most skill Skill can be estimated from model performance and theoretical skill Ideally, a seasonal streamflow forecasting sy

Evaluation of precipitation estimation accuracy in reanalyses, satellite products, and an ensemble method for regions in Australia and south and east Asia

Precipitation estimates from reanalyses and satellite observations are routinely used in hydrologic applications, but their accuracy is seldom systematically evaluated. This study used high-resolution gauge-only daily precipitation analyses for Australia (SILO) and South and East Asia [Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE)] to calculate the daily detection and accuracy metrics for three reanalyses [ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim), Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA-25), and NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Global Reanalysis 2] and three satellite-based precipitation products [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V6, Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)]. A depthfrequency- adjusted ensemble mean of the reanalyses and satellite products was also evaluated. Reanalyses precipitation from ERA-Interim in southern Australia (SAu) and northern Australasia (NAu) showed higher detection performance. JRA-25 had a better performance in South and East Asia (SEA) except for the monsoon period, in which satellite estimates from TRMM and CMORPH outperformed the reanalyses. In terms of accuracy metrics (correlation coefficient, root-mean-square difference, and a precipitation intensity proxy, which is the ratio of monthly precipitation amount to total days with precipitation) and over the three subdomains, the depth-frequency-adjusted ensemble mean generally outperformed or was nearly as good as any of the single members. The results of the ensemble show that additional information is captured from the different precipitation products. This finding suggests that, depending on precipitation regime and location, combining (re)analysis and satellite products can lead to better precipitation estimates and, thus,more accurate hydrological applications than selecting any single product

c-Jun N terminal kinase modulates NOX-4 derived ROS production and myofibroblasts differentiation in human breast stromal cells

BACKGROUND: Hard consistency, developed under the influence of tumor cell factors, is a characteristic feature of a breast tumor. Activation of resident fibroblasts leading to a myofibroblast phenotype is the principal feature that orchestrates this fibrotic process. The aim of this study was to assess the effects induced by TGF-β1, a growth factor abundantly present in tumor microenvironment, on the molecular mechanisms that mediate myofibroblastic differentiation of normal human mammary fibroblasts. METHODS: We used an immortalized fibroblastic cell line derived from normal mammary tissue (RMF-EG cells) to study the effect of TGF-β1 in the expression of α-SMA and CTGF as markers of myofibroblastic differentiation. The influence of redox status and JNK activity on TGF-β1-induced transcriptional activity was measured by a luciferase reporter assay. We also used a shRNA approach to evaluate the influence of NOX4 in myofibroblastic differentiation. RESULTS: TGF-β1 stimulates the expression of myofibroblast markers α-SMA and CTGF. Using a NOX inhibitor (DPI) and cells expressing a shRNA for NOX4, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 promotes an oxidative environment that favors myofibroblastic differentiation. We also found that activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase is required for TGF-β1-dependent expression of CTGF, NOX4 and α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS: Human mammary stromal fibrosis, evaluated by the expression of early and late markers as CTGF and α-SMA, depends on the activation of JNK signaling pathway. Our results show that JNK activation is an early event that precedes the increase in ROS levels leading to myofibroblastic differentiation and tumor fibrosis, suggesting that inhibition of JNK may be used a method to interrupt the development of tumor desmoplasia

Determinación del financiamiento óptimo de la empresa Alicorp para minimizar su costo de capital y maximizar su valor de mercado : 2000-2010

Ciclo Optativo de Especialización y Profesionalización en Marketing y FinanzasEl siguiente trabajo de investigación analiza la estructura de financiamiento óptima de la empresa Alicorp para el periodo 2000-2010 con la finalidad de que ese costo de capital sea el mínimo y el valor de mercado sea el máximo. Entre las dos alternativas de financiar el capital, ya sea con financiamiento externo (deuda) o con autofinanciamiento (patrimonio), existe una combinación que hace que ésta sea óptima. Para ello se analizó mediante la metodología del Costo Promedio Ponderado de Capital, también conocido como WACC (WeightedAverageCost of Capital), el modelo de Valoración de Activos de Capital CAPM (Capital AssetPricingModel) y la metodología del Precio Estimado por Acción los componentes de su deuda y de su patrimonio para hallar los costos promedios y con ellos obtener el WACC de cada periodo (costo mínimo) y compararlo con su Precio por Acción (Valor Máximo de mercado) para determinar con que combinación Alicorp obtiene los resultados óptimos y como esos porcentajes de financiamiento externo y autofinanciamiento repercuten de manera directa en los resultados financieros de la empresa. Se puede concluir que si existe una estructura de financiamiento óptimo para Alicorp del 2000 al 2010 en los niveles de 25 -27 % de financiamiento externo y 73-75 % de autofinanciamiento, adicionalmente existe una política de no exceder la deuda anual en un 39% y aumentar su patrimonio hasta el 75%.The following research paper analyzes the optimal financing structure of Alicorpcompany for the period 2000-2010, in order that the cost of capital is the minimum and the market value is the maximum. Between the two alternatives of capital financing, either external financing (debt) or self-financing (equity), there is a combination that makes this optimum. This was analyzed by the method of Weighted Average Cost of Capital WACC, the model CAPM Capital Asset Pricing Model and the methodology of Estimated Price per Share of components of its debt and its assets to find the average cost, and with them to obtain the WACC for each period (minimum cost) and compare its price per share (Maximum market Value) to determine which combination to Alicorp get optimal results and these percentages as external financing and self-financing have a direct impact on the financial results of the company. It can be concluded that if there is an optimal financing structure Alicorp from 2000 to 2010 levels of 25 -27% of external financing and 73-75% selffinancing, additionally there is a policy of annual debt not exceed 39% and increase its equity to 75%.Tesi

Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the process by which liquid water becomes water vapor and energetically this accounts for much of incoming solar radiation. If this ET did not occur temperatures would be higher, so understanding ET trends is crucial to predict future temperatures. Recent studies have reported prolonged declines in ET in recent decades, although these declines may relate to climate variability. Here, we used a well-validated diagnostic model to estimate daily ET during 1981–2012, and its three components: transpiration from vegetation (Et), direct evaporation from the soil (Es) and vaporization of intercepted rainfall from vegetation (Ei). During this period, ET over land has increased significantly (p < 0.01), caused by increases in Et and Ei, which are partially counteracted by Es decreasing. These contrasting trends are primarily driven by increases in vegetation leaf area index, dominated by greening. The overall increase in Et over land is about twofold of the decrease in Es. These opposing trends are not simulated by most Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models, and highlight the importance of realistically representing vegetation changes in earth system models for predicting future changes in the energy and water cycle

Discovery of an activity cycle in the solar-analog HD 45184. Exploring Balmer and metallic lines as activity proxy candidates

Context. Most stellar activity cycles similar to that found in the Sun have been detected by using the chromospheric Ca ii H&K lines as stellar activity proxies. However, it is unclear whether such activity cycles can be identified using other optical lines. Aims. We aim to detect activity cycles in solar-analog stars and determine whether they can be identified through other optical lines, such as Fe II and Balmer lines. We study the solar-analog star HD 45184 using HARPS spectra. The temporal coverage and high quality of the spectra allow us to detect both long- and short-term activity variations. Methods. We analysed the activity signatures of HD 45184 by using 291 HARPS spectra obtained between 2003 and 2014. To search for line-core flux variations, we focused on Ca ii H&K and Balmer Hα and Hβ lines, which are typically used as optical chromospheric activity indicators. We calculated the HARPS-S index from Ca ii H&K lines and converted it into the Mount Wilson scale. In addition, we also considered the equivalent widths of Balmer lines as activity indicators. Moreover, we analysed the possible variability of Fe ii and other metallic lines in the optical spectra. The spectral variations were analysed for periodicity using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Results. We report for the first time a long-term 5.14-yr activity cycle in the solar-analog star HD 45184 derived from Mount Wilson S index. This makes HD 45184 one of most similar stars to the Sun with a known activity cycle. The variation is also evident in the first lines of the Balmer series, which do not always show a correlation with activity in solar-type stars. Notably, unlike the solar case, we also found that the equivalent widths of the high photospheric Fe ii lines (4924 Å, 5018 Å and 5169 Å) are modulated (±2 mÅ) by the chromospheric cycle of the star. These metallic lines show variations above 4σ in the rms spectrum, while some Ba ii and Ti ii lines present variations at 3σ level, which could be considered as marginal variations. From short-term modulation of the S index we calculate a rotational period of 19.98 days, which agrees with its mean chromospheric activity level. We also clearly show that the activity cycles of HD 45184 can be detected in both Fe ii and Balmer lines.Fil: Flores Trivigno, Matias Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, Jorge Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Jaque Arancibia, Marcelo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Buccino, Andrea Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Saffe, Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio; Argentin

Respuesta de cuatro accesiones de Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. y un cultivar de Fragaria x ananassa Duch. a cinco niveles de nitrógeno en cultivo hidropónico

Resumen (Spanish, English)61 p.F. chiloensis (L.) Duch. fue llevada a Europa por Frezier en 1714, donde generó el actual híbrido cultivado, F.x ananassa Duch., al cruzarse con F. virginiana Duch. Representa una importante fuente de resistencia a insectos, enfermedades, aumento de la tasa de asimilación de CO2 y eficiencia del uso del N, para los programas de mejoramiento genético. En el Centro Experimental Cauquenes del Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria, se realizó en el año 1995, un estudio para determinar la respuesta de 4 accesiones de F. chiloensis y de ′Pájaro′ a cinco niveles de N en cultivo hidropónico. Se midió área foliar, materia seca y contenido de N en órganos de los genotipos evaluados. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se concluyó que no existió respuesta a los tratamientos de N con respecto a la evolución de la materia seca y el área foliar. ′Pájaro′ presentó los mayores valores de materia seca y área foliar y menores contenidos de N en los tejidos evaluados respecto de las accesiones de F. chiloensis. Se encontró una tendencia al aumento en el contenido de N en los tejidos de la lámina y pecíolo y una acumulación creciente de N en los tejidos de la corona y raíz a medida que se aumentó la disponibilidad de N en la solución

The Mediation Effect of Self–Report Physical Activity Patterns in the Relationship between Educational Level and Cognitive Impairment in Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Chilean Health National Survey 2016–2017

The aims of this cross-sectional study were (i) to determine the association of educational level attained with cognitive impairment and (ii) to investigate the mediating effect of different self-report physical activity (PA) patterns in a large sample of older Chileans. A sample of 1571 older adults from the National Chilean Survey (2016–2017) was included. The educational level attained, PA levels, mode of commuting, sedentary time, and leisure-time PA were self-reported through validated questionnaires. Cognitive impairment was determined by Mini-Mental State Examination (modified version). Association between educational level attained and cognitive impairment was examined using logistic regression models. Counterfactual mediation models were used to test the mediating effect of self-reported PA patterns. A lower educational level was consistently associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR range 2.846 to 2.266, all p < 0.001), while leisure-time PA was the only PA pattern that partially mediated this association (proportion mediated 8.0%). In conclusion, leisure-time PA was the solely PA pattern that partially mediated the association between the educational level and cognitive impairment. The rest self-reported PA patterns did not modify this association.P.S.-U. was supported by a grant from ANID/BECAS Chile/72180543. J.P.-D. is part of the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES). We thank the Research Results Transfer Office (OTRI) of the University of Granada for its publication support (C-4393 to F.A.-M.). We thank all participants for their cooperation and the Chilean Health Ministry and Department of Public Health, The Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile for designing and conducting the third National Health Survey 2016–2017