Efecto beneficioso de GLP-2 sobre la expresión y actividad de transportadores ABC intestinales en la endotoxemia experiemntal

La función de los transportadores ABC se ve afectada en varias enfermedades intestinales en los seres humanos, en particular las que cursan con inflamación local o sistémica. En el modelo de inflamación inducido por la administración de LPS a ratas (5 mg/kg de peso corporal por vía i.p.), confirmamos que a las 24 h se produce una disminución en la expresión y actividad de los transportadores Mrp2 y P-gp intestinales. Observamos que LPS, por un lado, disminuyó los niveles de ARNm de ambos transportadores y por otro, produjo la internalización de los transportadores en vesículas endocíticas. Estas observaciones señalan que los cambios a nivel proteico de los transportadores resultan complejos y dependen de una regulación a nivel transcripcional y postranscripcional. Determinamos también que IL-1β media la regulación postraduccional observada para Mrp2. Sin embargo, IL-1β no media la regulación de P-gp, ni la regulación a nivel transcripcional de Mrp2. Recientemente, a GLP-2 le fue asignado un papel clínico como potencial agente terapéutico debido a su capacidad para proteger al intestino en varios modelos de daño intestinal. Nos propusimos entonces estudiar la capacidad de GLP-2 de contrarrestar los efectos del LPS sobre ambos transportadores. Utilizamos dos tipos de protocolos de tratamiento con GLP-2. Uno que evalúe la capacidad preventiva de la hormona, administrándola antes de la inducción de la endotoxemia (7 dosis de 125 μg/kg de peso corporal por vía s.c. separadas cada 12 h en un total de 72 h consecutivas). Y otro que evalúe la capacidad de GLP-2 de revertir los efectos inducidos por LPS una vez instalados (2 dosis de 125 μg/kg de peso corporal por vía s.c. comenzando 3 h después de la inyección con LPS). Los resultados muestran que las alteraciones en la expresión y actividad de los transportadores producidas por LPS pudieron ser prevenidos mediante el tratamiento con GLP-2, siendo estos cambios al menos en parte dependientes de una regulación transcripcional. GLP-2 per se indujo los niveles de Mrp2 intestinal tanto a nivel de proteína como de ARNm, mientras que no ocurrió lo mismo para P-gp. En cambio, el tratamiento de reversión con GLP-2 fue ineficiente en recuperar los niveles de Mrp2 y P-gp (proteína y ARNm). En el caso particular de Mrp2, GLP-2 administrado sólo tampoco pudo producir cambios en la expresión de proteínas o ARNm, en contraste con la inducción observada para el protocolo de prevención. Claramente, más de dos dosis de GLP-2 son necesarias para modular la expresión de Mrp2. La observación de que GLP-2 induce Mrp2 a nivel de ARNm sugiere la posibilidad de una regulación transcripcional. GLP-2 actuaría presuntamente mediante su receptor asociado a proteína G, el cual activa adenilato ciclasa. Confirmamos la mediación de AMPc in vivo y en células Caco-2. Estudiamos la posible vía de señalización por la cual GLP-2 induce transcripcionalmente a MRP2 en células Caco-2 tratadas con db-AMPc, un análogo permeable del AMPc. Observamos que db-AMPc activó PKA, que luego fue capaz de activar de forma directa o indirecta por forforilación a ATF-2 y c-JUN. Luego estos factores formaron heterodímeros y se unieron a la región regulatoria proximal (−789/−603) del promotor de MRP2 que contiene sitios putativos AP-1 y CRE. De esta manera db-AMPc aumentaría la transcripción de MRP2 resultando en un aumento de la expresión del transportador en la membrana apical y en un aumento de su actividad. En conclusión, la modulación de estos importantes transportadores de eflujo apicales puede representar un efecto beneficioso adicional de GLP-2 bajo condiciones de inflamación, que contribuyen a restaurar la barrera transcelular, limitando así la absorción de compuestos potencialmente tóxicos.Fil: Arana, Maite Rocío. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET); Argentina

Efecto beneficioso de GLP-2 sobre la expresión y actividad de transportadores ABC intestinales en la endotoxemia experiemental

La función de los transportadores ABC se ve afectada en varias enfermedades intestinales en los seres humanos, en particular las que cursan con inflamación local o sistémica. En el modelo de inflamación inducido por la administración de LPS a ratas (5 mg/kg de peso corporal por vía i.p.), confirmamos que a las 24 h se produce una disminución en la expresión y actividad de los transportadores Mrp2 y P-gp intestinales. Observamos que LPS, por un lado, disminuyó los niveles de ARNm de ambos transportadores y por otro, produjo la internalización de los transportadores en vesículas endocíticas. Estas observaciones señalan que los cambios a nivel proteico de los transportadores resultan complejos y dependen de una regulación a nivel transcripcional y postranscripcional. Determinamos también que IL-1β media la regulación postraduccional observada para Mrp2. Sin embargo, IL-1β no media la regulación de P-gp, ni la regulación a nivel transcripcional de Mrp2. Recientemente, a GLP-2 le fue asignado un papel clínico como potencial agente terapéutico debido a su capacidad para proteger al intestino en varios modelos de daño intestinal. Nos propusimos entonces estudiar la capacidad de GLP-2 de contrarrestar los efectos del LPS sobre ambos transportadores. Utilizamos dos tipos de protocolos de tratamiento con GLP-2. Uno que evalúe la capacidad preventiva de la hormona, administrándola antes de la inducción de la endotoxemia (7 dosis de 125 μg/kg de peso corporal por vía s.c. separadas cada 12 h en un total de 72 h consecutivas). Y otro que evalúe la capacidad de GLP-2 de revertir los efectos inducidos por LPS una vez instalados (2 dosis de 125 μg/kg de peso corporal por vía s.c. comenzando 3 h después de la inyección con LPS). Los resultados muestran que las alteraciones en la expresión y actividad de los transportadores producidas por LPS pudieron ser prevenidos mediante el tratamiento con GLP-2, siendo estos cambios al menos en parte dependientes de una regulación transcripcional. GLP-2 per se indujo los niveles de Mrp2 intestinal tanto a nivel de proteína como de ARNm, mientras que no ocurrió lo mismo para P-gp. En cambio, el tratamiento de reversión con GLP-2 fue ineficiente en recuperar los niveles de Mrp2 y P-gp (proteína y ARNm). En el caso particular de Mrp2, GLP-2 administrado sólo tampoco pudo producir cambios en la expresión de proteínas o ARNm, en contraste con la inducción observada para el protocolo de prevención. Claramente, más de dos dosis de GLP-2 son necesarias para modular la expresión de Mrp2. La observación de que GLP-2 induce Mrp2 a nivel de ARNm sugiere la posibilidad de una regulación transcripcional. GLP-2 actuaría presuntamente mediante su receptor asociado a proteína G, el cual activa adenilato ciclasa. Confirmamos la mediación de AMPc in vivo y en células Caco-2. Estudiamos la posible vía de señalización por la cual GLP-2 induce transcripcionalmente a MRP2 en células Caco-2 tratadas con db-AMPc, un análogo permeable del AMPc. Observamos que db-AMPc activó PKA, que luego fue capaz de activar de forma directa o indirecta por forforilación a ATF-2 y c-JUN. Luego estos factores formaron heterodímeros y se unieron a la región regulatoria proximal (−789/−603) del promotor de MRP2 que contiene sitios putativos AP-1 y CRE. De esta manera db-AMPc aumentaría la transcripción de MRP2 resultando en un aumento de la expresión del transportador en la membrana apical y en un aumento de su actividad. En conclusión, la modulación de estos importantes transportadores de eflujo apicales puede representar un efecto beneficioso adicional de GLP-2 bajo condiciones de inflamación, que contribuyen a restaurar la barrera transcelular, limitando así la absorción de compuestos potencialmente tóxicos.ABC transporters function is affected in various intestinal diseases in humans, particularly those with local or systemic inflammation. We confirm that at 24 h there is a decrease in the expression and activity of intestinal P-gp and Mrp2 transporters in the inflammatory model induced by administration of LPS to rats (5 mg/kg of body weight by i.p. injection). We observed that LPS decreased the mRNA levels of both transporters and also produced internalization of Mrp2 and P-gp to endocytic vesicles. These observations indicate that changes at transporters protein levels are complex and depend on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. We also determined that IL-1β is involved in the post-translational regulation observed for Mrp2. However, IL1β neither regulates P-gp nor is involved in the transcriptional regulation of Mrp2. Recent reports gave GLP-2 a clinical role as a potential therapeutic agent due to its ability to protect the bowel in various models of intestinal injury. However, no report evaluates the role of GLP-2 in the regulation of the transcellular barrier associated with drug transporters. We then decided to study the ability of GLP-2 to neutralize the effects of LPS on both transporters. Two types of GLP-2 protocols were used. One evaluates the preventive capacity of GLP-2, starting its administration before the induction of endotoxemia (7 s.c. injections of 125 μg/kg b.w. separated every 12 h for a total of 72 consecutive hours). The second protocol evaluates the capacity of GLP-2 to revert the effects of LPS once inflammation is installed (2 s.c. injections of 125 μg/kg b.w. beginning 3 h after LPS injection). The results show that the altered expression and activity of the transporters produced by LPS could be prevented by GLP-2 treatment, due, at least in part, to transcriptional regulation. GLP-2 alone induced intestinal Mrp2 both at protein and mRNA levels, while it did not affect P-gp expression. In contrast, the reversion protocol with GLP-2 was ineffective in recovering Mrp2 and P-gp levels (protein and mRNA). GLP-2 administered alone did not change the expression of Mrp2 protein or mRNA, in contrast to the induction observed for the prevention protocol. Clearly, more than two doses of GLP-2 are necessary to modulate Mrp2 expression. The fact that GLP-2 induces Mrp2 mRNA suggests the possibility of a transcriptional regulation. GLP-2 would presumably act through its receptor associated to G protein, which activates adenylil cyclase. We confirm the involvement of cAMP in vivo and in Caco-2 cells. We studied the possible signaling pathway of GLP-2 that leads to transcriptional induction of MRP2 by treating Caco-2 cells with db-cAMP, a cAMP permeable analog. As a result, db-cAMP activated PKA, which was then able to activate ATF-2 and c-JUN directly or indirectly by phosphorylation. Then these nuclear factors formed heterodimers and bound the proximal regulatory region (−789/−603) of MRP2 promoter which contains putative sites AP-1 and CRE. This way db-cAMP would increase the transcription of MRP2, resulting in increased expression of the transporter in the apical membrane and increased activity. In conclusion, positive modulation of these important apical efflux transporters may represent an additional beneficial effect of GLP-2 under conditions of inflammation, contributing to restoring the transcellular barrier, thereby limiting the absorption of potentially toxic compounds.Fil: Arana, Maite Rocío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; Argentin

Survival of <i>Escherichia coli</i> under Nutrient-Deprived Conditions: Effect on Cell Envelope Subproteome

In the aquatic ecosystems, microorganisms are exposed to seasonal and circadian cycles. Abiotic factors (e.g. low temperature, nutrient deprivation) can cause morphological and physiological changes in bacteria, thereby facilitating cell survival. While representing the interface between the cells and external environment, the cell envelope plays a major role in bacterial response to stress and characterization of the changes it undergoes can help to understand the adaptation process. In this study, analysis of the morphological and physiological changes as well as variations in protein composition of the Escherichia coli cell envelope was carried out for populations maintained for 21 days under nutrient deprivation and suboptimal temperatures (4°C and 20°C). It was found that the absence of nutrients led to a temperature-dependent reduction of cell culturability but had no effect on cell viability and integrity. The concentration of membrane proteins playing the key roles in cellular transport, maintenance of cell structure or bioenergetics processes remained mainly unchanged. In contrast, the level of several proteins such as the elongation factor EFTu 1, components of Bam complex or proteins implicated in chemotaxis was altered, thus indicating that cells were readily responding and adapting to stress

Hepatic and intestinal biotransformation and transport of xenobiotics during pregnancy and lactation

The liver is the main place for phase II metabolism and transport of xenobiotics mediated by Mrp2, leading to elimination of conjugated metabolites into bile. In the gastrointestinal tract, phase II enzymes and Mrp2 are preferentially localized in the proximal region of the small intestine, particularly at the tip of the villus. In pregnant rats, conjugating enzymes (e.g. UGT and GST) and Mrp2-mediated transport of xenobiotics are decreased when compared to normal females, whereas these systems are preserved in small intestine, suggesting a complementary role for this tissue. After delivery, these same enzymes increase their expression and activity, being maximal during the last week of lactation. Mrp2 protein in liver also recovers and reaches the control level by the end of the lactation period. Post-partum rats exhibit a significant increase in development of the digestive tract in association with induction of phase II enzymes and Mrp2 expression and activity. Although the factors involved in regulation of protein expression may not be the same for conjugating enzymes and Mrp2 in the different experimental situations or tissues studied, their common localization and co-regulation provide evidence that they may work in cooperation. This is not surprising if we consider that most of the substrates for MRPs are the products that result from phase II reactions. Here, we provide a brief description of regulation of major phase II enzymes and Mrp2 during pregnancy and lactation, as particularly seen in the rat.Fil: Arana, Maite Rocío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Arias, Agostina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Villanueva, Silvina Stella Maris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Mottino, Aldo Domingo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (i); Argentin

Portable and Raman imaging usefulness to detect decaying on mortars from Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain)

Punta Begoña Galleries were built in 1918 in Getxo (Basque Country, North of Spain) but were abandoned in 1960. Nowadays, their conservation state is very poor. In this work, portable Raman spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the original composition and possible deterioration products of the mortars used in the inner walls and those covering the concrete of the ceilings allowing us to select the most appropriate sampling points. In the laboratory, Raman microscopy and Raman imaging, assisted with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) imaging, allowed to identify the key compounds to understand the deterioration processes taking place in the mortars of the galleries. The main components of the mortars from the walls were calcite and gypsum. In some cases, alite (Ca3SiO5) and belite (Ca2SiO4) were identified; these components are characteristic of Portland cement clinker. The main components of the mortar covering the concrete were calcite, quartz, aragonite and gypsum. The aragonite identification confirmed the use of beach sand as the aggregate in the mortar. The concrete from the ceiling of the lower gallery is covered with three different mortar layers; the outermost layer is covered with a black crust. In the three mortars, the main components are similar to those used in the mortar covering the concrete from the upper gallery. Thanks to Raman, ED‐XRF and SEM‐EDS imaging, it was possible to map the distribution of the main components through the three mortar layers and also to identify the presence of dolomite {[CaMg(CO3)2]}, which was not possible to detect following single‐point micro‐Raman analyses.This work has been funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project DISILICA‐1930 (ref. BIA2014‐59124‐P) and by the cooperation agreement between the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the City Council of Getxo (OTRI2014‐0639). C. García‐Florentino is grateful to the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), which funded her predoctoral fellowship. Technical support provided by Raman‐LASPEA Laboratory and General X‐ray Service of the SGIKer (UPV/EHU, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, Basque Government, ERDF and European Social Fund) is also gratefully acknowledged

The Effect of Visible Light on Cell Envelope Subproteome during Vibrio harveyi Survival at 20 °C in Seawater

A number of Vibrio spp. belong to the well-studied model organisms used to understand the strategies developed by marine bacteria to cope with adverse conditions (starvation, suboptimal temperature, solar radiation, etc.) in their natural environments. Temperature and nutrient availability are considered to be the key factors that influence Vibrio harveyi physiology, morphology, and persistence in aquatic systems. In contrast to the well-studied effects of temperature and starvation on Vibrio survival, little is known about the impact of visible light able to cause photooxidative stress. Here we employ V. harveyi ATCC 14126T as a model organism to analyze and compare the survival patterns and changes in the protein composition of its cell envelope during the long-term permanence of this bacterium in seawater microcosm at 20 °C in the presence and absence of illumination with visible light. We found that V. harveyi exposure to visible light reduces cell culturability likely inducing the entry into the Viable but Non Culturable state (VBNC), whereas populations maintained in darkness remained culturable for at least 21 days. Despite these differences, the starved cells in both populations underwent morphological changes by reducing their size. Moreover, further proteomic analysis revealed a number of changes in the composition of cell envelope potentially accountable for the different adaptation pattern manifested in the absence and presence of visible light.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and competitiveness (CGL2015-70929-R), the University of the Basque Country (Spain) (projects GIU14/22 and GIU17/041 and pre-doctoral grant BFI-2011-85 to C. Parada), and the Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque (Spain)

Hepatic and intestinal biotransformation and transport of xenobiotics during pregnancy and lactation

The liver is the main place for phase II metabolism and transport of xenobiotics mediated by Mrp2, leading to elimination of conjugated metabolites into bile. In the gastrointestinal tract, phase II enzymes and Mrp2 are preferentially localized in the proximal region of the small intestine, particularly at the tip of the villus. In pregnant rats, conjugating enzymes (e.g. UGT and GST) and Mrp2-mediated transport of xenobiotics are decreased when compared to normal females, whereas these systems are preserved in small intestine, suggesting a complementary role for this tissue. After delivery, these same enzymes increase their expression and activity, being maximal during the last week of lactation. Mrp2 protein in liver also recovers and reaches the control level by the end of the lactation period. Post-partum rats exhibit a significant increase in development of the digestive tract in association with induction of phase II enzymes and Mrp2 expression and activity. Although the factors involved in regulation of protein expression may not be the same for conjugating enzymes and Mrp2 in the different experimental situations or tissues studied, their common localization and co-regulation provide evidence that they may work in cooperation. This is not surprising if we consider that most of the substrates for MRPs are the products that result from phase II reactions. Here, we provide a brief description of regulation of major phase II enzymes and Mrp2 during pregnancy and lactation, as particularly seen in the rat.Sociedad Argentina de Fisiologí

Ability of Urografin Density Gradients to Separate Nonculturable Subpopulations of Escherichia coli

Poster presentado a 11th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology(ISME -11)celebrado en Viena del 20 al 25 de agosto de 200

Improved microfluidic platform for simultaneous multiple drug screening towards personalized treatment

Development of new targeted therapies is a challenge in the battle against cancer. Although a variety of treatments is currently available, there is no technique for rapidly evaluating the response of cancer patients to the drug. In this work, a microfluidic platform for the real-time simultaneous analysis of the success rate of different nanoparticle based chemotherapeutic drugs is presented. Based on a previous planar chamber and a reported sensitivity enhancing strategy, linear and cross shape microstructures were integrated into the chamber dome of the microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane and glass platform in order to provide a higher fluid mixing and treatment-cell interaction. Several methotrexate (MTX) based treatments (free MTX, MTX loaded Lecithin-PVA nanoparticles, MTX loaded Lecithin-Tween 80 nanoparticles) as well as their respective controls (cell media and both blank nanoparticles) were recirculated through the microchamber over an osteosarcoma cell monolayer. These nanovehicles reduced cell population to less than 20% (LEC-PVA nanoparticles) and 2.3% (LEC-Tween nanoparticles), demonstrating that nanoparticles are a promising target therapy for cancer treatment. Moreover, microstructured platforms demonstrated a higher efficacy in the drug-screening process: due to the liquid folding a higher amount of nanoparticles was internalized by the cells and, therefore, results were observed faster. In fact, the time required to reduce cell viability to the half was nearly a 75% faster. Furthermore, this microfluidic platform offers the capability to test up to five different drugs simultaneously, making it a powerful tool to evaluate the effect of multiple drugs and determine the most effective and personalized treatment

Hepatic and Intestinal Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2: Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation by Xenobiotics

We are daily exposed to a large number of pharmacological drugs, environmental pollutants, and natural toxins, which represent a potential toxic insult. The organism possesses a sophisticated system of detoxification particularly expressed in the liver, intestine, and kidney. This system consists of intracellular biotransformation enzymes that convert the toxins into more hydrophilic derivatives followed by their elimination through membrane transporters. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2, ABCC2) is an important member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters localized at the apical membrane of polarized cells, such as hepatocytes, enterocytes, and renal tubular cells. MRP2 is proposed as a major actor in the elimination of endo- and xenobiotics, mainly conjugated with glucuronic acid, glutathione, and sulfate. The small intestine and the liver constitute relevant detoxification organs expressing MRP2 and therefore preventing absorption and promoting the hepatobiliary clearance of xenobiotics. MRP2 expression and/or function can be modulated by therapeutic drugs, herbal products, dietary compounds, and environmental pollutants. Consequently, MRP2 modulation could cause changes in tissue exposure, with potential toxicological and pharmacological consequences. This chapter reviews the information available on the role of hepatic and intestinal MRP2 in detoxification processes, and their regulation by xenobiotics, considering in particular its toxicological relevance