Caracterización de los sistemas de producción familiar ovina en la Mixteca Oaxaqueña, México

Family sheep production is common in rural Mexico. It is an important element of subsistence systems in these areas but is generally rustic. Better understanding of rustic sheep production is a first step in developing strategies and programs to support family producers. Family sheep production units in two municipalities in the Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico, were characterized in terms of production system, market access and land use. A mixed methodology was applied, employing a structured questionnaire addressing socioeconomic and productive variables, and participatory observation in 29 family sheep producers. All the surveyed producers see sheep farming as their main income source. Most (86 %) use a subsistence system, and all use family labor. The main feeding strategy was grazing of communal land, and production was largely intended for sale of live animals to intermediaries or in local markets for eventual processing for meat, and/or for self-use. Most (83 %) of the production units included a pen built from regional materials, and these pens were most frequently on the family property. Implementation of management plans and animal health and safety measures were minimal. Analysis of these productive systems identified how producers manage sheep production. Management strategies respond to the environmental services available on communal lands, and involve family-type production which fulfills economic, social, environmental and cultural functions, but provides low productivity. Unit productivity and producer livelihood could be improved by implementing measures such as pasture rotation and adopting technological innovations. Broadening producer access to government programs and creating public policy that promotes development in marginal rural areas could greatly improve productivity and consequently reduce poverty and food insecurity.El objetivo fue analizar las características de las unidades de producción familiar ovina de dos municipios de la Mixteca Oaxaqueña teniendo como referencia el sistema de producción, acceso al mercado y el uso del territorio. Se usó una metodología mixta, empleando un cuestionario estructurado donde se analizaron variables de carácter socioeconómico y productivo; y observación participativa en 29 ovinocultores familiares. Los resultados señalan que el 100 % de los productores ven a la ovinocultura como principal fuente de ingresos, 86 % produce bajo un sistema de subsistencia, 100 % emplea la mano de obra familiar, la estrategia alimentaria principal es el pastoreo debido a las características del territorio y el tipo de tenencia de la tierra comunal en un 90 %, la función zootécnica es producción de carne destinada al comercio local y autoconsumo, 83 % de los productores cuentan con corral de encierro construido con material de la región, 86.7 % de los productores mantienen su corral dentro del predio familiar, se aplican escasas medidas de manejo y sanitarias. El análisis de los sistemas productivos permitió identificar formas de gestión de su producción la cual está ligada a los servicios dentro de su territorio, desarrollando una producción de tipo familiar que cumple con funciones económicas, sociales, ambientales y culturales, sin embargo, se cuenta con una baja productividad. Por lo cual, se considera necesario la adopción de tecnología e innovación a través de estrategias y políticas públicas que impulsen el desarrollo rural en zonas marginales tendientes a disminuir el nivel de pobreza e inseguridad alimentaria

Análisis genético del bovino Criollo Mixteco de Oaxaca

The Mixteco Creole cattle is a little explored genetic resource, which, however, has great value due to its potential to be used in production systems that are respectful of the environment and adaptable to its conditions. The identification and characterization of this local resource is essential for its conservation and improvement. For this reason, in the present study it was carried out the analysis of the diversity and genetic relationships of the Mixteco Creole cattle population of Oaxaca, using 19 microsatellite DNA markers and 32 reference cattle populations belonging to the BIOBOVIS consortium of the CONBIAND Network. The mean number of alleles detected was 8.8 ± 2.1 and the estimated effective number of alleles was 4.5 ± 1.2. The genetic diversity represented by the expected (0.7700 ± 0.0682) and observed (0.7170 ± 0.0998) heterozygosity values was within the range of estimators obtained in previous studies with local cattle populations using microsatellite markers. An analysis of the population structure revealed a predominant influence of Iberian germplasm (Bos taurus). There is also a close relationship between the Mixteco Creole and the rest of the Mexican Creole cattle populations, with the exception of the Tropical Dairy Creole.El bovino Criollo Mixteco es un recurso genético poco explorado, pero de gran valor por su potencial para ser empleado en sistemas de producción respetables con el entorno y adaptables a las condiciones del mismo. La identificación y caracterización de este recurso local es un punto primordial para su conservación y mejora, es por esto que en el presente estudio se llevó a cabo el análisis de la diversidad y relaciones genéticas de la población de bovinos Criollos Mixtecos de Oaxaca, mediante el empleo de 19 marcadores de ADN microsatélites y 32 poblaciones bovinas de referencia, pertenecientes al consorcio BIOBOVIS de la Red CONBIAND. El número medio de alelos detectados fue de 8.8 ± 2.1 y el número efectivo de alelos estimado fue de 4.5 ± 1.2. La diversidad genética representada por los valores de heterocigosidad esperada (0.7700 ± 0.0682) y observada (0.7170 ± 0.0998), se encontró dentro del rango de estimadores obtenidos en estudios previos con poblaciones bovinas locales empleando marcadores microsatélites. El análisis de la estructura poblacional reveló una influencia predominante de germoplasma ibérico (Bos taurus). Se observa además una estrecha relación entre el Criollo Mixteco y el resto de poblaciones bovinas criollas mexicanas a excepción del Criollo Lechero Tropical

Poverty, drug resistance, diagnosis, HIV-AIDS and its impact on the evolution of tuberculosis in México

Con 10 millones de nuevos casos y tres millones de muertes al año, la tuberculosis (TB) es una de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas más importantes del mundo, antecedida solamente por la malaria y el VIH-SIDA, por lo que se mantiene como una de las enfermedades transmisibles de gran preocupación y ocupación para los sistemas de salud.[Mariscal A, Ramírez CJ, González L, Zenteno R. Pobreza, resistencia a los medicamentos, diagnóstico, VIH-SIDA y su impacto en la evolución de la tuberculosis en México. MedUNAB 2005; 8(1):37-42].With 10 million new cases and three million deaths a year, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, preceded only by malaria and HIV-AIDS, which is why it remains one of the most communicable diseases of great concern and occupation for health systems. [Mariscal A, Ramírez CJ, González L, Zenteno R. Poverty, drug resistance, diagnosis, HIV-AIDS and its impact on the evolution of tuberculosis in Mexico. MedUNAB 2005; 8(1):37-42]

Stability of milk from dual purpose cows with different types of feeding

Objective: to determinate stability of alcohol-proof milk in cows with different feeding strategy in tropical dairy system. Design/methodology/approach: Ten cows crosses Holstein x Zebu with high frequency to alcohol-positive milk were housed in individual pens and distributed into two groups. Experiment 1. T1: cows were fed dry Pangola (Digitaria eriantha) grass; T2: cows were fed green Maralfalfa (Pennisetum violaceum) grass. Forage was provided at libitum. Experiment 2. T1 cows were supplemented with a higher crude protein percentage and metabolizable energy concentrated than T2, this was gradually increased to 4 kg. Milk was subjected to alcohol test. Analysis of variance was performed under categorical data models. Results: Higher percentages of alcohol positive test cases were observed in cows fed with dry grass than those fed with green grass (P<0.05). Addition of concentrate to dry or green forage diets reduced the positive percentage cases. Implications: A balanced diet improves milk stability. Findings/conclusions: The improvement in the nutritional contribution of the cows decrease the percentage of alcohol-positive test.Objective: To establish milk stability using the alcohol test in cows with different feeding strategies in the tropical dairy system. Design/methodology/approach: Ten crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows whose milk frequently tested positive to the alcohol test were housed in individual yards and distributed into two groups. Experiment 1. T1: cows consumed dry Pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha); T2: cows consumed green Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum violaceum). Forage was provided ad libitum. Experiment 2. T1 cows were supplemented with a concentrate with higher crude protein and metabolizable energy percentage than T2 cows; this percentage was gradually increased up to 4.0 kg. Milk was subjected to alcohol testing. Variance analyzes were performed under categorical data models. Results: Higher percentages of cases that tested positive for alcohol were observed in cows that consumed dry grass than in cows that consumed green grass (P<0.05). The concentrate addition to diets based on dry or green forage reduced the positive case percentage. Implications: A balanced diet improves milk stability. Findings/conclusions: The improvement in the cows’ nutritional value decreases the percentage of milk with positive results in the alcohol test

Nuevo retrato lingüístico de Andalucía

346 páginas. Se incluyen 3 ficheros: pdf máxima calidad; pdf para web; epubObra financiada parcialmente por el Grupo de investigación "El español hablado en Andalucía" de la Universidad de Sevilla (http://grupo.us.es/ehandalucia/). Desde que a mediados del siglo XX se elaboró, bajo la dirección de M. Alvar, la obra titánica del Atlas Lingüístico y Etnográfico de Andalucía (ALEA), cuyos seis volúmenes fueron apareciendo entre 1961 y 1973, miles de escritos se han ocupado de las hablas andaluzas, si bien es preciso llevar a cabo una drástica criba que haga aflorar las verdaderas aportaciones a su conocimiento. La imagen que del andaluz se ha ido configurando, dentro y fuera de la región, continúa siendo parcial, porque está basada casi exclusivamente en la pronunciación y en cierto léxico, cuando la clave para saber cómo hablan español los andaluces ha de buscarse sobre todo en la construcción de las secuencias y el contorno melódico, y por la notable subjetividad de bastantes de los juicios valorativos Y resulta parcialmente desfigurada, entre otras razones, porque la lengua refleja que la Andalucía actual poco tiene que ver con la atrasada de no hace tantas décadas. Para captar la heterogeneidad del habla andaluza harían falta potentes “cámaras” en movimiento que recogieran diversas situaciones de comunicación. Aquí se proponen unos cuantos encuadres que pueden contribuir a lograr un retrato más ajustado a la realidad de algunos de los diversos usos idiomáticos de los andaluces

Pobreza, resistencia a los medicamentos, diagnóstico, VIH-SIDA y su impacto en la evolución de la tuberculosis en Mexico

ResumenCon 10 millones de nuevos casos y tres millones de muertes al año, la tuberculosis (TB) es una de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas más importantes del mundo, antesedida solamente por la malaria y el VIH-SIDA, por lo que se mantiene como una de las enfermedades transmisibles de gran preocupación y ocupación para los sistemas de salud.[Mariscal A, Ramírez CJ, González L, Zenteno R. Pobreza, resistencia a los medicamentos, diagnóstico, VIH-SIDA y su impacto en la evolución de la tuberculosis en México. MedUNAB 2005; 8(1):37-42].Palabras clave: Tuberculosis. pobreza, VIH, diagnóstico, resistencia a los medicamentos

Genetic Characterization of a Sheep Population in Oaxaca, Mexico: The Chocholteca Creole

Creole sheep in México have undergone crossbreeding, provoking the loss of genetic variability. The objective of the present study is to determine the intra-racial genetic diversity, the genetic relationship with other genotypes, and the populational substructure of the Oaxacan Creole sheep. Twenty-nine blood samples were obtained of Creole sheep of the Oaxaca Mixteca region in México. A genetic analysis was made with 41 microsatellites recommended for studies of genetic diversity in sheep. An analysis was made of genetic diversity, populational structure, and genetic distance with 27 other sheep populations. The study found 205 alleles with a range of 2 to 9 by locus and an effective number of 3.33. The intra-racial analysis showed a moderate genetic diversity with values of expected heterozygosity of 0.686 and observed of 0.756, a mean polymorphic information content of 0.609, and a mean coefficient of consanguinity of −0.002. In interracial genetic diversity for the coefficients of consanguinity, the values were FIS = 0.0774, FIT = 0.16993, and FST = 0.10028, showing an elevated genetic distance with other creole breeds, but close to Argentine Creole, to another Creole of México and the Spanish Merino. Its genetic structure showed that it does not have any populational subdivision nor mixes with the others analyzed. It is concluded that it is a distinct and isolated population and is proposed as the creole breed “Chocholteca” for its conservation