Direitos Humanos, financiamento público e ensino superior: orçamento destinado ao Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil na Universidade Federal do Tocantins

Promoting human rights has become a consensus since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The broad and inclusive accomplishmentof the human right to education, fundamental to the exercise of other human rights, depends on positive actions by the State through the allocation of resources among the priorities in the public budget. Forthis reason, due to the need to promote it, over the last decades the public budget has been considered as an instrument for the effective implementation of the human right to education, necessary for the financing of inclusive state policies, for example, student assistance after approval the National Student Assistance Program (PNAES). Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the historical trajectory of resource allocation in the period from 2010 to 2018, to mantain the National Student Assistance Program at the Federal University of Tocantins. Sought to understand whether budgetary allocations and public expenditures made with the financing of student assistance, having as a starting point the approval of PNAES, have been successful for the broad and progressive realization of the human right to education in the context Federal University of Tocantins. Due to the nature of its objectives, it is considered an applied research. Due to the collection procedures and technical methodological aspects, this study adopted the bibliographic and documentary research procedures. The critical-dialectic approach guided the analysis of the data that fed this study to meet the objectives and the research problem. Other than this, the data analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The content analysis technique, described by Bardin (2011), was used in view of a better critical understanding beyond the numbers regarding the volume of resources in the execution of the budget destined to the PNAESat Federal University of Tocantins. The data show that in recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of vulnerable students in public higher education in Brazil, highlighting, as a result, the need for the public budget to maintain these students at the university. The results show, on the one hand, that the public budget destined to finance the student assistance policy allows greater democratization of access to higher education, therefore, essential for the realization of the human right to education. On the other hand, in a social reality of contradictions, the current political agenda defends the reduction of the State interference, and attributes to social policies the responsibility for the imbalance in public accounts raising a real challenge to human rights and accentuates the financial crisis of the university. This movement, aligned with the proposal for an operational university, has been gaining more space of action. In summary, the reduction of the budget allocated to the PNAESthreatens the financing of student assistance, signaling an exclusive and instrumental relationship.Promover os direitos humanos tornou-se um consenso desde a adoção da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos (DUDH). A realização, ampla e inclusiva, do direito humano à educação, fundamental ao exercício dos outros direitos humanos, depende de ações positivas do Estado, através da alocação de recursos entre as prioridades no orçamento público. Por isso, pela necessidade de promovê-la, ao longo das últimas décadas, o orçamento público tem sido tematizado como instrumento para implementação efetiva do direito humano à educação, necessário ao financiamento de políticas estatais inclusivas, em especial, a assistência estudantil, a partir da aprovação do Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil (PNAES). Por conseguinte, esta pesquisa propôs-se a analisar a trajetória histórica da destinação de recursos durante o período de 2010 a 2018, para a manutenção do PNAES na Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT). Buscou-se compreender se as dotações orçamentárias e as despesas públicas, realizadas com o financiamento da assistência estudantil, tendo-se como ponto de partida a aprovação do PNAES, têm obtido sucesso na realização ampla e progressiva do direito humano à educação no contexto da Universidade Federal do Tocantins. Pela natureza de seus objetivos, tratou-se de uma pesquisa aplicada. Pelos procedimentos de coleta de dados e aspectos metodológicos técnicos, este estudo adotou os procedimentos da pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. As análises dos dados, as quais alimentaram este estudo, realizadas no fito de atender aos objetivos e ao problema de pesquisa, foram norteadas pelo enfoque crítico-dialético. Além disso, a análise dos dados contemplou, de forma conjunta, as abordagens das pesquisas quantitativa e qualitativa. A técnica de análise de conteúdo, descrita por Bardin (2011), foi utilizada em vista de uma melhor compreensão crítica dos dados, para além dos números a respeito do volume de recursos na execução do orçamento destinado ao PNAES na Universidade Federal do Tocantins. Os dados mostram que, nos últimos anos, houve um aumento significativo no quantitativo de alunos vulneráveis no Ensino Superior público no Brasil, ressaltando-se, com isso, a necessidade do orçamento público para a manutenção desses estudantes na universidade. Os resultados evidenciam, por outro enfoque, que o orçamento público destinado ao financiamento da política de assistência estudantil permite uma maior democratização do acesso ao Ensino Superior, portanto, essencial à realização do direito humano à educação. Por outro lado, numa realidade social de contradições, a agenda política em marcha, favorável à diminuição do Estado e atribui às políticas sociais a responsabilidade pelo desequilíbrio nas contas públicas, suscita um verdadeiro desafio aos direitos humanos e acentua a crise de financiamento às universidades. Esse movimento, alinhado à proposta de universidade operacional, vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço de atuação. Em síntese, a redução do orçamento destinado ao PNAES ameaça o financiamento da assistência estudantil, sinalizando a ampliação da exclusão e de mera relação instrumental

Counting of shoots of Eucalyptus sp. clones with convolutional neural network

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o uso do modelo de rede neural convolucional You Only Look Once (YOLO) para detecção e contagem eficiente de brotos de Eucalyptus sp. em plantações, por meio de fotografias aéreas capturadas por veículos aéreos não tripulados. Para isso, avaliou-se a importância da organização dos dados durante o processo de treinamento do sistema. Foram utilizados dois conjunto de dados para treinar a rede neural convolucional: um consistindo em imagens com um único broto e o outro com pelo menos dez brotos por imagem. Os resultados mostraram altas taxas de precisão e recall para ambos os conjuntos de dados. A rede neural convolucional treinada com imagens contendo dez brotos por imagem apresentou desempenho superior quando aplicada a dados não utilizados durante o treinamento. Portanto, a rede neural convolucional YOLO pode ser usada para detecção e contagem de brotos de clones de Eucalyptus sp. a partir de imagens aéreas capturadas por veículos aéreos não tripulados em áreas florestais. Recomenda-se o uso de imagens contendo dez brotos para compor o conjunto de dados de treinamento para o detector de objetos.The objective of this work was to investigate the use of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) convolutional neural network model for the detection and efficient counting of Eucalyptus sp. shoots in stands through aerial photographs captured by unmanned aerial vehicles. For this, the significance of data organization was evaluated during the system-training process. Two datasets were used to train the convolutional neural network: one consisting of images with a single shoot and another with at least ten shoots per image. The results showed high precision and recall rates for both datasets. The convolutional neural network trained with images containing ten shoots per image showed a superior performance when applied to data not used during training. Therefore, the YOLO convolutional neural network can be used for the detection and counting of shoots of Eucalyptus sp. clones from aerial images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles in forest stands. The use of images containing ten shoots is recommended to compose the training dataset for the object detector

O DESEMPENHO DAS CONTRATAÇÕES DE SERVIÇOS CONTINUADOS COM O PREGÃO ELETRÔNICO: O CASO DA UFT

This study sought to analyze the effects of the electronic bidding modality regarding the efficiency on contracting continued services at the Federal University of Tocantins. In this case the corpus of analysis was constituted of processes of bids for contracting the cleaning and maintenance services, armed security services, drivers services, receptionists services and the maintenance of systems and equipments of air conditioning services hired in the period from 2006 to 2013, these contracts are the ones that have the most impact on the budget of Federal University of Tocantins (UFT). This study constitute as applied research, descriptive, bibliographical and documental. The results of the study presents indications, among others, that the electronic bidding is in fact an application of the principle of efficiency allowing greater savings, simplifying bidding procedures and increasing transparency of administrative acts.O presente estudo procurou analisar os efeitos da modalidade de licitação pregão eletrônico sobre a eficiência nas contratações de serviços continuados da Universidade Federal do Tocantins. No caso, o corpus de análise constituiu-se dos processos de licitações para contratação dos serviços de limpeza e conservação, serviços de vigilância armada, serviços de motoristas, serviços de recepcionistas e os serviços de manutenção de sistemas e equipamentos condicionadores de ar, contratados no período de 2006 a 2013, os referidos contratos são os que mais impactam o orçamento da Universidade Federal do Tocantins/UFT. A pesquisa se constitui como aplicada, descritiva, bibliográfica e documental. Os resultados do presente estudo trazem indicativos, entre outros, que o pregão eletrônico representa, de fato, uma aplicação do princípio da eficiência permitindo maior economia, simplificação dos processos licitatórios e aumento da transparência dos atos administrativos

Curvas de índices de local em povoamentos de eucalipto obtidas por regressão quantílica

The objective of this work was to obtain site index curves in eucalyptus plantations by quantile regression, and to compare them to the obtained ones with the use of fitted regressions by the method of ordinary least squares. Quantile regression can be used to generate site index curves, especially in the presence of outliers. The method generates a bundle of curves better adjusted to the observed data, compared to the one generated with the estimates of ordinary least squares, either by the guide curve method (anamorphic curves) or by polymorphic curves (using different percentiles).O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter curvas de índice de local, em povoamentos de eucalipto, por meio de regressão quantílica, e compará‑las às obtidas com o uso de regressões ajustadas pelo método de mínimos quadrados ordinários. A regressão quantílica pode ser utilizada para a geração de curvas de índice de local, especialmente em presença de dados discrepantes. O método gera um feixe de curvas mais bem ajustadas aos dados observados, em comparação ao feixe gerado com as estimativas de mínimos quadrados ordinários, seja pelo método da curva‑guia (curvas anamórficas), seja pela geração de curvas polimórficas (com o uso de diferentes percentis)

CAN LINEAR PROGRAMMING ASSIST METAHEURISTICS IN FOREST PRODUCTION PLANNING PROBLEM?

The planning of forest production requires the adoption of mathematical models to optimize the utilization of available resources. Hence, studies involving the improvement of decision-making processes must be performed. Herein, we evaluate an alternative method for improving the performance of metaheuristics when they are applied for identifying solutions to problems in forest production planning. The inclusion of a solution obtained by rounding the optimal solution of linear programming to a relaxed problem is investigated. Such a solution is included in the initial population of the clonal selection algorithm, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and variable neighborhood search metaheuristics when it is used to generate harvest and planting plans in an area measuring 4,210 ha comprising 120 management units with ages varying between 1 and 6 years. The same algorithms are executed without including the solutions mentioned in the initial population. Results show that the performance of the clonal selection algorithm, genetic algorithm, and variable neighborhood search algorithms improved significantly. Positive effects on the performance of the simulated annealing metaheuristic are not indicated. Hence, it is concluded that rounding off the solution to a relaxed problem is a good alternative for generating an initial solution for metaheuristics

Counting of shoots of Eucalyptus sp. clones with convolutional neural network

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the use of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) convolutional neural network model for the detection and efficient counting of Eucalyptus sp. shoots in stands through aerial photographs captured by unmanned aerial vehicles. For this, the significance of data organization was evaluated during the system-training process. Two datasets were used to train the convolutional neural network: one consisting of images with a single shoot and another with at least ten shoots per image. The results showed high precision and recall rates for both datasets. The convolutional neural network trained with images containing ten shoots per image showed a superior performance when applied to data not used during training. Therefore, the YOLO convolutional neural network can be used for the detection and counting of shoots of Eucalyptus sp. clones from aerial images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles in forest stands. The use of images containing ten shoots is recommended to compose the training dataset for the object detector

Tree component analysis in a savanna-forest ecotone area of Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Ecotones are transition areas characterized by environmental complexity and high biodiversity. In this sense, carrying out a floristic survey and characterization of each phytoecological region is necessary. Thus, we analyzed the floristic composition, horizontal and vertical structure, and dispersal syndromes of the woody community in an ecotone of cerrado sensu stricto and seasonal deciduous forest. Likewise, we proceeded with the floristic similarity analysis to evaluate the study area’s similarities to the vegetation of cerrado sensu stricto and seasonal deciduous forest. A total of 919 individuals from 19 families, 43 genera, and 49 species were sampled. The tree community has an average height of 4.12 m, a species diversity of 3.03 nats.ind-1, and a Pielou equitability index of 0.77. The predominant dispersion syndrome was anemochory. The vegetation formed floristic groups with the cerrado sensu stricto. The environmental gradient that determines the occurrence of transition vegetation makes each remnant unique in terms of species and structure, demonstrating the importance of these areas for the biodiversity conservation.Ecotones are transition areas characterized by environmental complexity and high biodiversity. In this sense, carrying out a floristic survey and characterization of each phytoecological region is necessary. Thus, we analyzed the floristic composition, horizontal and vertical structure, and dispersal syndromes of the woody community in an ecotone of Cerrado Sensu Stricto and seasonal deciduous forest. Likewise, we proceeded with the floristic similarity analysis to evaluate the study area’s similarities to the vegetation of cerrado Sensu Stricto and seasonal deciduous forest. A total of 919 individuals from 19 families, 43 genera, and 49 species were sampled. The tree community has an average height of 4.12 m, a species diversity of 3.03 nats ind‑1, and a Pielou equitability index of 0.77. The predominant dispersion syndrome was anemochory. The vegetation formed floristic groups with the Cerrado Sensu Stricto. The environmental gradient that determines the occurrence of transition vegetation makes each remnant unique in terms of species and structure, demonstrating the importance of these areas for the biodiversity conservation

Representaciones sociales sobre la salud de los participantes en grupos de enseñanza de ciencias en el Norte y el Sur de Brasil

O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer as Representações Sociais que os participantes de dois Grupos de Pesquisa (GP) na área do Ensino de Ciências, um da região norte e outro do sul do Brasil, compartilham sobre Saúde. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se a técnica de evocação livre de palavras para conhecer as representações que os professores compartilhavam em relação à Saúde. Os resultados apontaram para a concepção polissêmica que cerca a concepção de saúde. As palavras que caracterizam o núcleo central de cada GP foram distintas. Apenas Nno GP do norte, consta “bem-estar”, reforçando o conceito apresentado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, presente na maioria dos documentos oficiais. As demais palavras do núcleo central do dois GPs estão articuladas a diversos determinantes de saúde. Devido aos Grupos de Pesquisa estarem associados ao ensino de Ciências os dados apontam a necessidade de um aprofundamento teórico neste campo do saber.The present study aimed to know the Social Representations that the participants of two Research Groups (GP) in the area of Science Teaching, one from the northern region and the other from the south of Brazil,share about Health. To reach the proposed objective, used the technique of free evocation of words is used to know the representations that teachers shared in relation to Health. The results pointed to the polysemic conception that surrounds the conception of health. The words that characterize the central core of each GP were different. Only in the northern GP, there is "well-being", reinforcing the concept presented by the World Health Organization, present in most official documents. The other words of the central nucleus of the two GPs are linked to several health determinants. Due to the Research Groups being associated with Science teaching, the data point to the need for a theoretical deepening in this field of knowledge.El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer las Representaciones Sociales que los participantes de dos Grupos de Investigación (GP) en el área de Enseñanza de las Ciencias, uno de la región norte y otro del sur de Brasil, comparten sobre Salud. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, utilizamos La técnica de la libre evocación de las palabras se utiliza para conocer las representaciones que los docentes comparten en relación con la salud. Los resultados apuntan a la concepción polisémica que rodea la concepción de la salud. Las palabras que caracterizan el núcleo central de cada GP fueron diferentes. Solo en el GP del norte hay "bienestar", lo que refuerza el concepto presentado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, presente en la mayoría de los documentos oficiales. Las otras palabras del núcleo central de los dos médicos generales están vinculadas a varios determinantes de la salud. Debido a que losgrupos de investigación están asociados con la enseñanza de las ciencias, los datos apuntan a la necesidad de una profundización teórica en este campo del conocimiento.Fundos nacionais através da FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) no âmbito do projeto do CIEC (Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança) da Universidade do Minho, com a referência UIDB/00317/202

Taper modeling and economic evaluation of multi-products obtained from wood of short-rotation eucalyptus stands

This study aims at defining the appropriate model to describe the stem tapering of trees of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid, and at evaluating the economic viability of obtaining wood multi-products at different interest rates. The volume of 60 sample trees were determined, and stem tapering was described according to the models proposed by Demaerschalk, Prodan, Kozak, and Ormerod. The best model was used to convert the trees into assortments so that the wood could be optimized for the product that offers the maximum economic return with the minimum possible waste. Then, an economic viability analysis was performed for wood multi-product production, using the Net Present Value (NPV) and applying interest rates of 8 to 12% p.a. The Demaerschalk model is the most appropriate one for the study of stem tapering and assortment determination in short-rotation stands of the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid intended for multi-products in the region covered by the study. The allocation of wood for multi-products is a viable option for stands of the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid, according to the interest rates applied in the present study