Authorized Generic Entry prior to Patent Expiry: Reassessing Incentives for Independent Generic Entry

Patent holders frequently attempt to mitigate the loss of monopoly power by authorizing generic entry prior to patent expiry (early entry). Competition in off-patent pharmaceutical markets may be adversely affected if early entry substantially impairs the attractiveness of subsequent market entry. I examine generic entry decisions made in the course of recent patent expiries to quantify the impact of early entry on incentives for generic entry. Using unique micro data and accounting for the endogeneity of early entry, I estimate recursive bivariate probit models of entry. Drug markets' pre-entry revenues largely determine both independent generic entry and early entry decisions. Early entry in turn has no significant impact on the likelihood of generic entry. Original drug producers appear to authorize generic entry prior to loss of exclusivity primarily fueled by rent-seeking rather than strategic entry-deterrence motives

Hydrodynamic Flow in PbPb Collisions Observed via Azimuthal Angle Correlations of Charged Hadrons

Azimuthal angle correlations of charged hadrons were measured in $\sqrt s_{NN}$ = 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions by the CMS experiment. The distributions exhibit anisotropies that are correlated with the event-by-event orientation of the reaction plane. Several methods were employed to extract the strength of the signal: the event-plane, cumulant and Lee-Yang Zeros methods. These methods have different sensitivity to correlations that are not caused by the collective motion in the system (non-flow correlations due to jets, resonance decays, and quantum correlations). The second Fourier coefficient of the charged hadron azimuthal distributions was measured as a function of transverse momentum, pseudorapidity and centrality in a broad kinematic range: $0.3 < p_T < 12.0$ GeV/c, $|\eta| < 2.4$, as a function of collision centrality. In addition, the third through sixth Fourier components were measured at midrapidity using selected methods

Empirical Assessment of the Development of the Community Trade Mark System and its Relationship with National Trade Mark Systems

This report provides an assessment of the functioning of the Community Trade Mark System. To do this the report draws mainly on register data provided by the Office of Harmonization for the Internal Market (OHIM) and on national register data. We also draw on the survey conducted for the broader study where appropriate. This report addresses three main questions: i) How has demand for the CTM developed in the recent past?; ii) How is demand for CTMs affecting demand for national trade marks?; iii) What effects is applicants’ behavior having on the way the CTM system functions? We document throughout which data sources are used and which methods are applied to derive specific results

Authorized Generic Entry prior to Patent Expiry: Reassessing Incentives for Independent Generic Entry

Patent holders frequently attempt to mitigate the loss of monopoly power by authorizing generic entry prior to patent expiry (early entry). Competition in off-patent pharmaceutical markets may be adversely affected if early entry substantially impairs the attractiveness of subsequent market entry. I examine generic entry decisions made in the course of recent patent expiries to quantify the impact of early entry on incentives for generic entry. Using unique micro data and accounting for the endogeneity of early entry, I estimate recursive bivariate probit models of entry. Drug markets' pre-entry revenues largely determine both independent generic entry and early entry decisions. Early entry in turn has no significant impact on the likelihood of generic entry. Original drug producers appear to authorize generic entry prior to loss of exclusivity primarily fueled by rent-seeking rather than strategic entry-deterrence motives.Generic Entry; Early Entry; Anticompetitive Practices

Authorized Generic Entry prior to Patent Expiry: Reassessing Incentives for Independent Generic Entry

Patent holders attempt to mitigate the loss of monopoly power by authorizing generic entry prior to patent expiry (early entry). Off-patent competition may be adversely affected if early entry substantially lowers the attractiveness of subsequent generic entry. This study assesses the impact of early entry, examining generic entry decisions made in the course of recent patent expiries. Using micro data and accounting for the endogeneity of early entry, I estimate recursive bivariate probit models of entry. Early entry has no significant impact on the likelihood of generic entry. Rent-seeking rather than strategic entry-deterrence motives drive early entry decisions.Generic Entry; Early Entry; Anticompetitive Practices

Scaling behavior of the momentum distribution of a quantum Coulomb system in a confining potential

We calculate the single-particle momentum distribution of a quantum many-particle system in the presence of the Coulomb interaction and a confining potential. The region of intermediate momenta, where the confining potential dominates, marks a crossover from a Gaussian distribution valid at low momenta to a power-law behavior valid at high momenta. We show that for all momenta the momentum distribution can be parametrized by a $q$-Gaussian distribution whose parameters are specified by the confining potential. Furthermore, we find that the functional form of the probability of transitions between the confined ground state and the $n^{th}$ excited state is invariant under scaling of the ratio $Q^2/\nu_n$, where $Q$ is the transferred momentum and $\nu_n$ is the corresponding excitation energy. Using the scaling variable $Q^2/\nu_n$ the maxima of the transition probabilities can also be expressed in terms of a $q$-Gaussian.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

On non-Adiabatic Holonomoic Quantum Computer

Non-adiabatic non-Abelian geometric phase of spin-3/2 system in the rotating magnetic field is considered. Explicit expression for the corresponding effective non-Abelian gauge potential is obtained. This formula can be used for construction of quantum gates in quantum computations.Comment: 6 page

GEMINI: A Natural Language System for Spoken-Language Understanding

Gemini is a natural language understanding system developed for spoken language applications. The paper describes the architecture of Gemini, paying particular attention to resolving the tension between robustness and overgeneration. Gemini features a broad-coverage unification-based grammar of English, fully interleaved syntactic and semantic processing in an all-paths, bottom-up parser, and an utterance-level parser to find interpretations of sentences that might not be analyzable as complete sentences. Gemini also includes novel components for recognizing and correcting grammatical disfluencies, and for doing parse preferences. This paper presents a component-by-component view of Gemini, providing detailed relevant measurements of size, efficiency, and performance.Comment: 8 pages, postscrip

Keynes' Theory of the Interest Rate: A Critical Approach

John M. Keynes – the author of General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money – assumed that the interest rate is the price which brings into equilibrium the desire to hold wealth in cash with the supply of cash resources, and the reward for parting with liquidity at the same time. He indicated liquidity preference as the key element of the theory of the demand for money, whereas the supply of money is a discretionary factor, i.e. depending on the policy pursued by monetary authorities. It has been proven that such an approach comes with at least three errors: inconsistency in defining the rate of interest, vicious circle in arguing and departure from the economics of value for functional adequacies