Principios del tratamiento y derechos de los interesados en la nueva normativa de protección de datos personales. Consideraciones de carácter general y algunos apuntes para el ámbito universitario

Cabe remontar los orígenes de la preocupación por la protección de los datos personales en Europa a finales de los años sesenta del siglo pasado: en 1968, el Consejo de Europa aprobó (Resolución 509) la creación de un Comité de Expertos para estudiar cómo proteger los derechos y libertades frente a los nuevos avances tecnológicos. Entre otros, el trabajo de estos expertos fue la base de sendas Resoluciones del Comité de Ministros del Consejo de Europa de septiembre de 1973 y 1974 (Resoluciones 22 y 29, respectivamente), que ya anticipaban las líneas generales de protección de las personas frente a las bases de datos electrónicas. Aun no siendo vinculantes, contenían algunos de los principios sobre protección de datos personales que han llegado hasta hoy, como los derechos de acceso, cancelación, calidad y seguridad de los datos, etc. Permitieron, además, alcanzar el primer texto vinculante con alcance europeo, el Convenio 108 del Consejo de Europa sobre protección de personas respecto del tratamiento automatizado de datos. En el marco de dicho Convenio, la libre circulación de datos de carácter personal sólo podría hacerse respetando los derechos y libertades fundamentales de las personas, para lo que se recogían una serie de principios que debían incorporar los Estados miembros a sus legislaciones internas: calidad de los datos, distinción por categorías con protección reforzada (ideológicos, de salud…) y seguridad de los mismos. España lo ratificó por Instrumento de 31 de enero de 1984, pero ya antes el propio constituyente de 1978 había sido receptivo a la necesidad de regular el uso de las nuevas tecnologías para no afectar a los derechos de las personas (art. 18.4 CE: “la ley limitará el uso de la informática para garantizar el honor y la intimidad personal y familiar de los ciudadanos y el pleno ejercicio de sus derechos”)

Simple epidemic network model for highly heterogeneous populations

Network models for disease transmission and dynamics are popular because they are among the simplest agent-based models. Highly heterogeneous populations (in the number of contacts) may be modeled by networks with long-tailed degree distributions for which the variance is much greater than the mean degree. An example is given by scale-free networks where the degree distribution follows a power law. In these type of networks there is not a typical degree. Some nodes may have low representation in the population but are key to drive disease transmission. Coarse graining may be used to simplify these complex networks. In this work we present a simple model consisting in of a network where nodes have only two possible degrees, a low degree close to the mean degree and a high degree about ten times the mean degree. We show that in spite of this extreme simplification, main features of disease dynamics in scale-free networks are well captured by our model.Fil: Rafo, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentin

Socially structured model for COVID-19 pandemic: design and evaluation of control measures

Governments around the world are taking different measures to deal with the novel severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In this sense, realistic mathematical models are important tools to explore the effect of different control strategies. In this work, we developed an agent-based model for COVID-19 disease dynamics which incorporates a basic social structure to simulate different control strategies in mid-size cities. We evaluated the impact of combinations of social distancing measures, such as contact tracing/case isolation, school closures and partial lockdowns for workplaces on the evolution of hospital beds occupancy. The contact tracing/case isolation modeled in most cases cannot prevent hospital beds saturation by itself. Our results suggest that schools, without strong social distancing measures, may be an important driver of the epidemic. Household and workplace people distribution is also an important factor to consider when studying the impact of control measures.Fil: Simoy, Mario Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentina. Arizona State University; Estados Unido

General model of sex distribution, mating probability and egg production for macroparasites with polygamous mating system

The reproductive habits of helminths are important for the study of the dynamics of their transmission. For populations of parasites distributed by Poisson or negative binomial models, these habits have already been studied. However, there are other statistical models that describe these populations, such as zero-inflated models, but where reproductive characteristics were not analyzed. Using an arbitrary model for the parasite population, we model the distribution of females and males per host, and from these we model the different reproductive variables such as the mean number of fertile females, the mean egg production, the mating probability, the mean fertilized egg production. We show that these variables change due to the effects of a negative density-dependence fecundity, a characteristic of helminth parasites. We present the results obtained for some particular models.Fil: López, Gonzalo Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentin

Mathematical model of mating probability and fertilized egg production in helminth parasites

In the modeling of parasite transmission dynamics, understanding the reproductive characteristics of these parasites is crucial. This paper presents a mathematical model that explores the reproductive behavior of dioecious parasites and its impact on transmission dynamics. Specifically, the study focuses on the investigation of various reproductive variables such as the mating probability and the fertilized egg production in the case of helminth parasites. While previous studies have commonly assumed Poisson and negative binomial distributions to describe the distribution of parasites among hosts, this study adopts an arbitrary distribution model and examines its consequences on some reproductive variables. These variables include mean number of fertile females, mean egg production, mating probability and mean fertilized egg production. In addition, the study of these variables takes into account the sex distribution of the parasites and whether male and female parasites are considered to be distributed together or separately. We show that the models obtained for the case of male and female parasites distributed separately in the hosts are ecologically unrealistic. We present the results obtained for some specific models and we tested the models obtained in this work using Monte Carlo simulations

Modelling macroparasitic diseases dynamics

In this work we present a general framework for the modeling of the transmission dynamics of macroparasites which do not reproduce within the host like Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus y Ancylostoma duodenale. The basic models are derived from general probabilistic models for the parasite density-dependent mating probability. Here we consid- ered the particular, and common case, of a negative binomial distri- bution for the number of parasites in hosts. We find the basic reproductive number and we show that the system exhibit a saddle-node bifurcation at some value of the basic reproduction number. We also found the equilibria and basic reproduction number of a model for the more general case of heteregeneous host populations.Fil: López, Gonzalo Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentin

Simple models for macro-parasite distributions in hosts

Negative binomial distribution is the most used distribution to model macro-parasite burden in hosts. However reliable maximum likelihood parameter estimation from data is far from trivial. No closed formula is available and numerical estimation requires sophisticated methods. Using data from the literature we show that simple alternatives to negative binomial, like zero-inflated geometric or hurdle geometric distributions, produce a good and even better fit to data than negative binomial distribution. We derived closed simple formulas for the maximum likelihood parameter estimation which constitutes a significant advantage of these distributions over negative binomial distribution.Fil: López, Gonzalo Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Aparicio, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional; Argentin

Epidemiological modeling of Trypanosoma cruzi: Low stercorarian transmission and failure of host adaptive immunity explain the frequency of mixed infections in humans

People living in areas with active vector-borne transmission of Chagas disease have multiple contacts with its causative agent, Trypanosoma cruzi. Reinfections by T. cruzi are possible at least in animal models leading to lower or even hardly detectable parasitaemia. In humans, although reinfections are thought to have major public health implications by increasing the risk of chronic manifestations of the disease, there is little quantitative knowledge about their frequency and the timing of parasite re-inoculation in the course of the disease. Here, we implemented stochastic agent-based models i) to estimate the rate of re-inoculation in humans and ii) to assess how frequent are reinfections during the acute and chronic stages of the disease according to alternative hypotheses on the adaptive immune response following a primary infection. By using a hybrid genetic algorithm, the models were fitted to epidemiological data of Argentinean rural villages where mixed infections by different genotypes of T. cruzi reach 56% in humans. To explain this percentage, the best model predicted 0.032 (0.008–0.042) annual reinfections per individual with 98.4% of them occurring in the chronic phase. In addition, the parasite escapes to the adaptive immune response mounted after the primary infection in at least 20% of the events of re-inoculation. With these low annual rates, the risks of reinfection during the typically long chronic stage of the disease stand around 14% (4%-18%) and 60% (21%-70%) after 5 and 30 years, with most individuals being re-infected 1–3 times overall. These low rates are better explained by the weak efficiency of the stercorarian mode of transmission than a highly efficient adaptive immune response. Those estimates are of particular interest for vaccine development and for our understanding of the higher risk of chronic disease manifestations suffered by infected people living in endemic areas.Fil: Tomasini, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ragone, Paula Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Gourbière, Sébastien. Université de Perpignan Via Domitia; FranciaFil: Aparicio, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energia No Convencional; ArgentinaFil: Diosque, Patricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Patología Experimental. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Instituto de Patología Experimental; Argentin

Life history traits of Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) can explain outbreaks independently of environmental factors

The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a major pest of pine plantations worldwide. Economically significant damage is however limited to outbreak populations. To understand what determines outbreaks dynamics in this species, we developed an individual based model for a wasp population developing within a pine plantation. We show that outbreaks may be the result of the insect's life history. Specifically we show that limited dispersal may not only increase population persistence but also create the conditions for eruptive dynamics. When the probability of long distance dispersal is greater than zero, but relatively small (PLDD= 0.1) large outbreaks are the norm, with all of the suitable trees dead at the end of the simulation. For PLDD= 0 (only local dispersal allowed) outbreaks are smaller in size, and in some cases not well defined and spread over longer periods. For PLDD= 1 (only long distance dispersal allowed), the frequency of local population extinction (without outbreaks) increases significantly. Aggregated attacks may induce physiological changes in the trees which could allow other wasps to detect them. These changes may in turn trigger an outbreak. In contrast, healthy, vigorous trees are not suitable for wasp oviposition. In our model the density of suitable trees (healthy trees but yet suitable for oviposition) are a key factor determining population persistence before outbreaks. From an applied perspective, our results emphasize the importance of adequate plantation management in preventing woodwasp infestation.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Life history traits of Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) can explain outbreaks independently of environmental factors

The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is a major pest of pine plantations worldwide. Economically significant damage is however limited to outbreak populations. To understand what determines outbreaks dynamics in this species, we developed an individual based model for a wasp population developing within a pine plantation. We show that outbreaks may be the result of the insect's life history. Specifically we show that limited dispersal may not only increase population persistence but also create the conditions for eruptive dynamics. When the probability of long distance dispersal is greater than zero, but relatively small (PLDD= 0.1) large outbreaks are the norm, with all of the suitable trees dead at the end of the simulation. For PLDD= 0 (only local dispersal allowed) outbreaks are smaller in size, and in some cases not well defined and spread over longer periods. For PLDD= 1 (only long distance dispersal allowed), the frequency of local population extinction (without outbreaks) increases significantly. Aggregated attacks may induce physiological changes in the trees which could allow other wasps to detect them. These changes may in turn trigger an outbreak. In contrast, healthy, vigorous trees are not suitable for wasp oviposition. In our model the density of suitable trees (healthy trees but yet suitable for oviposition) are a key factor determining population persistence before outbreaks. From an applied perspective, our results emphasize the importance of adequate plantation management in preventing woodwasp infestation.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore