The legacy of bio-molecules as a bio-fertilizer: Context of single cell fertilizer Isolation and partial characterization of an amylolytic bacterium

Repeated cultivation of crop plants is the reason for the depletion of nutrients in an agricultural land. Therefore, modern procedures of agriculture cascaded with the addition of organic and inorganic fertilizers, the use of insecticides and pesticides, the addition of proper water, etc. Various inorganic molecules are used as fertilizers. However, the use of organic manures is also in practice. They have many roles such as improving soil porosity, air holding capacity, water holding capacity, structure, texture, etc. Agricultural scientists suggest using organic molecules for many reasons. Bio-fertilizers of many kinds are used by farmers of all nations. However, these fertilizers are unable to cause tremendous effects on the growth and development of crop plants, even though these fertilizers have cumulative effects. The present work focuses on the use of bio-molecules as bio-fertilizer. To make these molecules, an amylolytic bacterium was isolated and partially identified based on microscopic observations and biochemical tests. The optimum pH, temperature, substrate concentration, etc. were studied. The optimum pH and temperature for the growth of the isolate were pH 7.0 and 37.0°C, respectively. However, the organism grows even in 60.0°C. The organism uses four commonly available natural substrates as carbon source. Among these, potato starch is the most conveniently utilized by the organism. The amy gene of the strain was cloned using a vector. It expressed a high amount of amylase (data is not shown). The recombinant organism was used to make bio-molecules. It was grown in the presence of various natural substrates and enzymatic activities, and other associated studies were also carried out. The experimental results obtained in this study showed that the recombinant organism can be utilized to make a huge amount of bio-molecules. It will be a unique fertilizer for future generations

Shift symmetries and duality web in gauge theories

Using a generalised Noether prescription we are able to extract all the currents and their conservation laws in space dependent shift symmetric theories. Various identities among the currents in the matter sector are found that form the basis for revealing a dual picture when the full interacting theory is considered by coupling to gauge fields. The coupling is achieved in terms of vector fields by adhering to a modified minimal prescription which is also supported by an iterative Noether scheme. Further, this scheme shows that couplings can also be introduced using higher rank tensor gauge fields that have appeared in recent discussions on fractons. We reveal a connection among these descriptions (using vector or tensor fields) through certain duality maps that relate the various fields (gauge, electric and magnetic) in the two cases. A correspondence is established among the Gauss' law, Faraday's law and Ampere's law. Explicit calculations are provided for linear and quadratic shift symmetric lagrangians.Comment: 41 Pages, 6 Table

Herpesviridae and microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), first discovered in the year 1993 in the nematode C. elegans, are small, approximately 22-nucleotide-long, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Cellular miRNAs have been implicated in the control of many biological processes, and their dysregulation is associated with different diseases. They can be significantly up/downregulated upon infection or disease, serving as excellent biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several human DNA viruses, including many herpesviruses, have now been reported to encode viral miRNAs. There are a variety of possible interactions and mechanisms of viral microRNAs (vmiRNAs) which are yet to be remains obscure. Viral miRNAs can function as orthologs of cellular miRNAs and regulate their expression. Additionally, viruses have also developed vmiRNA mechanisms to avoid being targeted by the host miRNAs. Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 & HSV-2) cause genital and oral herpes, establishing lifelong latent infections in their hosts, and it is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. vmiRNAs play essential roles in Herpesvirus biology. In this chapter, we will discuss the current knowledge about miRNAs and their role in different stages of Herpesvirus infection. It will also elaborate the biomarkers, therapeutic potential of these molecules, and the prospective areas of future research

A Comprehensive Review of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Studies for Brain Functionality in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

Neural oscillations were established with their association with neurophysiological activities and the altered rhythmic patterns are believed to be linked directly to the progression of cognitive decline. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive technique to record such neuronal activity due to excellent temporal and fair amount of spatial resolution. Single channel, connectivity as well as brain network analysis using MEG data in resting state and task-based experiments were analyzed from existing literature. Single channel analysis studies reported a less complex, more regular and predictable oscillations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) primarily in the left parietal, temporal and occipital regions. Investigations on both functional connectivity (FC) and effective (EC) connectivity analysis demonstrated a loss of connectivity in AD compared to healthy control (HC) subjects found in higher frequency bands. It has been reported from multiplex network of MEG study in AD in the affected regions of hippocampus, posterior default mode network (DMN) and occipital areas, however, conclusions cannot be drawn due to limited availability of clinical literature. Potential utilization of high spatial resolution in MEG likely to provide information related to in-depth brain functioning and underlying factors responsible for changes in neuronal waves in AD. This review is a comprehensive report to investigate diagnostic biomarkers for AD may be identified by from MEG data. It is also important to note that MEG data can also be utilized for the same pursuit in combination with other imaging modalities

Trois essais sur les contributions privées à un bien public

Cette thèse de doctorat met en avant les facteurs différentes qui influencent les contributions volontaires à un bien public. Le premier article présente un modèle général de contributions à un bien public dans lequel les individus d’un groupe ont des préférences altruistes vers les autres membres de leur groupe. De plus, j’examine un deuxième modèle où les membres peuvent donner des transferts de revenus privés aux autres membres en plus de contribuer au bien public. Sous la séparabilité additive des fonctions d’utilité, je trouve que l’équilibre (Nash) du modèle avec des transferts est étroitement lié à l’équilibre du modèle sans transferts. Dans le deuxième article, co-écrit avec mon directeur de thèse Nicolas Gravel, j’analyse l’impact de la distribution de croyances des agents sur les contributions à un bien public. Nous construisons un modèle où il existe une incertitude quant à l’avantage d’un bien public. Les individus ont des croyances hétérogènes à propos de cet avantage. Nous supposons que les contributeurs ont des préférences savagiennes qui sont représentées par une fonction d’utilité espéré dépendante de deux états. Les individus ont des croyances différentes au sujet du bénéfice qui résultant de la somme de leurs contributions. Le troisième article utilise les données d’une expérience de laboratoire pour étudier comment les contributions à un bien public sont affectes lorsque les sujets sont confrontés à une incertitude quant à l’avantage du bien public. De plus, je compare le cas où les sujets diffèrent dans l’avantage qu’ils retirent d’un bien public avec le cas où l’avantage est homogène.This doctoral thesis highlights the different factors that influence voluntary contributions to a public good. Chapter 1 presents a general model of private provision of a public good where individuals in a group have altruistic preferences towards other members of their group. Moreover, I examine a second model where members can give private transfers of income to other members they care about, in addition to contributing to the public good. Under additive separability of the utility functions, I find the Nash equilibrium of the model with transfers is closely connected to the equilibrium of the model without transfers. The threshold level of income of the model without transfers and the income of the poorest individual in the group together play a key role in determining the existence of private transfers of income. Chapter 2 examines how voluntary contributions to a public good are affected by the contributors’ heterogeneity in beliefs about the uncertain impact of their contributions. It assumes that contributors have Savagian preferences that are represented by a two-state- dependent expected utility function and different beliefs about the benefit that will result from the sum of their contributions. Chapter 3 uses data from a laboratory experiment to study how contributions to a public good are affected when subjects face uncertainty regarding the benefit from the public good. In addition, I contrast the case when subjects differ in the benefit they get from a public good with when the benefit is homogeneous. I investigate whether heterogeneity in benefits affects contributions differently under certainty and uncertainty

Contribution to a Public Good under Subjective Uncertainty

29 pagesThis paper examines how voluntary contributions to a public good are affected by the contributors' heterogeneity in beliefs about the uncertain impact of their contributions. It assumes that contributors have Savagian preferences that are represented by a two-state-dependent expected utility function and different beliefs about the benefit that will result from the sum of their contributions. We establish general comparative statics results regarding the effect of specific changes in the distribution of beliefs on the (unique) Nash equilibrium provision of the public good, under certain conditions imposed on the preferences. We specifically show that the equilibrium public good provision is increasing with respect to both first and second order stochastic dominance changes in the distribution of beliefs. Hence, increasing the contributors' optimism about the uncertain benefit of their contributions increases aggregate public good provision provision, as does any homogenization of these beliefs around their mean

Contribution to a Public Good under Subjective Uncertainty

29 pagesThis paper examines how voluntary contributions to a public good are affected by the contributors' heterogeneity in beliefs about the uncertain impact of their contributions. It assumes that contributors have Savagian preferences that are represented by a two-state-dependent expected utility function and different beliefs about the benefit that will result from the sum of their contributions. We establish general comparative statics results regarding the effect of specific changes in the distribution of beliefs on the (unique) Nash equilibrium provision of the public good, under certain conditions imposed on the preferences. We specifically show that the equilibrium public good provision is increasing with respect to both first and second order stochastic dominance changes in the distribution of beliefs. Hence, increasing the contributors' optimism about the uncertain benefit of their contributions increases aggregate public good provision provision, as does any homogenization of these beliefs around their mean

Contribution to a public good under subjective uncertainty

International audienceThis paper examines how voluntary contributions to a public good are affected by the contributors' heterogeneity in beliefs about the uncertain impact of their contributions. It assumes that contributors have Savagian preferences that are represented by a two-state-dependent expected utility function and different beliefs about the benefit that will result from the sum of their contributions. We establish general comparative statics results regarding the effect of specific changes in the distribution of beliefs on the (unique) Nash equilibrium provision of the public good, under certain conditions imposed on the preferences. We specifically show that the equilibrium public good provision is increasing with respect to both first- and second-order stochastic dominance changes in the distribution of beliefs. Hence, increasing the contributors' optimism about the uncertain benefit of their contributions increases aggregate public good provision, as does any homogenization of these beliefs around their mean

Salt Lake Archives: A Report

Salt Lake was developed as a township in the eastern fringe of Kolkata through reclamation of parts of the vast marshlands. In 2021, the Institute of Development Studies Kolkata started the initiative of archiving Salt Lake city to commemorate 50 years of the township in 2022. The process began by tracing the origin of Salt Lake in old books, archival records, newspapers, assembly debates, census data and interviews of early residents, workers, planners etc. This report provides a clear, informative and concise account of the Salt Lake Archives