14 research outputs found
Behler, Ernst: Die Ewigkeit der Welt : problemgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Kontroversen um Weltanfang und Weltunendlichkeit im Mittelalter. - 1.T.: Die Problemstellung in d. arab. u. jĂŒd. Philosophie des Mittelalters. - MĂŒnchen : Schöningh, 1965
Canada's voluntary ARET program: Limited success despite industry cosponsorship
The Accelerated Reduction|Elimination of Toxins (ARET) Challenge was a voluntary program initiated in 1994 by the Government of Canada. Unlike the U.S. 33|50 Program, ARET involved industry partners in negotiation and cosponsorship of the program, with the intention that early involvement would yield stronger commitment to voluntary reductions. We review the program's self-reported success in delivering emissions reductions. For 17 ARET substances that were also covered by Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory, we employ treatment effects regressions to control for self-selection bias. We find evidence that ARET accelerated emission reductions in five cases, slowed reductions in two cases, and had no discernible effect in ten cases. Industry cosponsorship apparently did not have the intended effect and instead resulted in program features such as data confidentiality that significantly undermined the program's credibility. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Voluntary Regulations and Innovation: The Case of ISO 14001
Governments enact environmental regulations to compel firms to internalize pollution externalities. Critics contend that regulations encourage technological lockâins and stifle innovation. Challenging this view, the PorterâLinde hypothesis suggests that appropriately designed regulations can spur innovation because (1) pollution reflects resource waste; (2) regulations focus firmsâ attention on waste; and (3) with regulationâinduced focus, firms are incentivized to innovate to reduce waste. This article explores the regulationâinnovation linkage in the context of voluntary regulations. The authors focus on ISO 14001, the most widely adopted voluntary environmental program in the world. Examining a panel of 79 countries for the period 1996â2009, they find that countryâlevel ISO 14001 participation is a significant predictor of a country's environmental patent applications, a standard proxy for innovation activity. The policy implication is that public managers should consider voluntary regulation's secondâorder effects on innovation, beyond their firstâorder effects on pollution and regulatory compliance