Who Must Presume Whom to Be Innocent of What?

This paper considers the roles that may be played by a “presumption of innocence” outside the criminal trial — a presumption that reflects a general principle of civic trust. We can understand the significance of this presumption, and the ways in which it can be qualified (without being defeated) by attending to some of the normative roles that citizens might take on, or have imposed on them, in relation to the criminal law, and the responsibilities or duties that attach to those roles. Particular attention is paid to the distinctive roles of “defendant” and of “ex-offender”, and to the question of whether it can be consistent with the presumption of innocence to treat either defendants or those who have completed their punishments as, if not guilty, at least far from unqualifiedly innocent. presumption of innocence, civil trust, defendants\u27 rights and responsibilities, bail, ex-offender

Entrevista a Antony Duff

Fil: Duff, Antony. Universidad de Minnesota; Estados Unido

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

CMB-S4---the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment---is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe, from the highest energies at the dawn of time through the growth of structure to the present day. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semi-analytic projection tool, targeted explicitly towards optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2--3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semi-analytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for $r > 0.003$ at greater than $5\sigma$, or, in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of $r < 0.001$ at $95\%$ CL.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, 9 tables, submitted to ApJ. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1907.0447

CMB-S4

We describe the stage 4 cosmic microwave background ground-based experiment CMB-S4

CMB-S4: Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves

Abstract: CMB-S4—the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment—is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2–3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5σ, or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL

Who Must Presume Whom to Be Innocent of What?

This paper considers the roles that may be played by a “presumption of innocence” outside the criminal trial — a presumption that reflects a general principle of civic trust. We can understand the significance of this presumption, and the ways in which it can be qualified (without being defeated) by attending to some of the normative roles that citizens might take on, or have imposed on them, in relation to the criminal law, and the responsibilities or duties that attach to those roles. Particular attention is paid to the distinctive roles of “defendant” and of “ex-offender”, and to the question of whether it can be consistent with the presumption of innocence to treat either defendants or those who have completed their punishments as, if not guilty, at least far from unqualifiedly innocent. presumption of innocence, civil trust, defendants\u27 rights and responsibilities, bail, ex-offender