Obesity and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroezofagealna refluksna bolest (GERB) jedan je od najčešćih razloga posjeta liječniku. Etiologija i patogeneza bolesti multifaktorske su i stalni su predmet brojnih istraživanja. Pretilost, čija je prevalencija znatno porasla posljednjih desetljeća, deEnirana je kao neovisni čimbenik rizika od razvoja GERB-a. Pritom je centralni tip pretilosti, neovisno o indeksu tjelesne mase, zasebni faktor rizika od nastanka komplikacija GERB-a, od kojih su najčešće erozivni gastritis, Barrettov jednjak i adenokarcinom. Time se znatno povećava socioekonomski aspekt povezanosti debljine i GERB-a. Prekomjerna tjelesna težina porastom intraabdominalnog tlaka i sniženjem tonusa donjeg ezofagealnog sEnktera mehanički povećava vjerojatnost re-uksne bolesti. S druge strane, patogeneza GERB-a može se objasniti i hormonalnom te endokrinom aktivnošću masnog tkiva. Redukcija tjelesne mase, kao dio prve linije terapije, znatno poboljšava simptomatologiju GERB-a kod pretilih bolesnika.Gastroesophageal re-ux disease (GERD) is one of the most common reasons for visiting a physician. Etiology and pathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial and is still the subject of numerous studies. Obesity, whose prevalence has significantly increased over recent decades, is defined as an independent risk factor for GERD development. The central type of obesity, independently of the body mass index, is a separate risk factor for the emergence of GERD complications, including erosive gastritis, Barrett\u27s esophagus, and adenocarcinoma. This significantly increases the socioeconomic aspect of obesity and GERD. Excess body weight mechanically increases the likelihood of reflux disease, increases intraabdominal pressure, and decreases tonus of the lower esophageal sphincter. On the other hand, GERD pathogenesis can be explained by both hormonal and endocrine fatty tissue activity. Body mass reduction, as part of the Erst line of therapy, significantly improves GERD symptomatology in obese patients

Obesity and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroezofagealna refluksna bolest (GERB) jedan je od najčešćih razloga posjeta liječniku. Etiologija i patogeneza bolesti multifaktorske su i stalni su predmet brojnih istraživanja. Pretilost, čija je prevalencija znatno porasla posljednjih desetljeća, deEnirana je kao neovisni čimbenik rizika od razvoja GERB-a. Pritom je centralni tip pretilosti, neovisno o indeksu tjelesne mase, zasebni faktor rizika od nastanka komplikacija GERB-a, od kojih su najčešće erozivni gastritis, Barrettov jednjak i adenokarcinom. Time se znatno povećava socioekonomski aspekt povezanosti debljine i GERB-a. Prekomjerna tjelesna težina porastom intraabdominalnog tlaka i sniženjem tonusa donjeg ezofagealnog sEnktera mehanički povećava vjerojatnost re-uksne bolesti. S druge strane, patogeneza GERB-a može se objasniti i hormonalnom te endokrinom aktivnošću masnog tkiva. Redukcija tjelesne mase, kao dio prve linije terapije, znatno poboljšava simptomatologiju GERB-a kod pretilih bolesnika.Gastroesophageal re-ux disease (GERD) is one of the most common reasons for visiting a physician. Etiology and pathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial and is still the subject of numerous studies. Obesity, whose prevalence has significantly increased over recent decades, is defined as an independent risk factor for GERD development. The central type of obesity, independently of the body mass index, is a separate risk factor for the emergence of GERD complications, including erosive gastritis, Barrett\u27s esophagus, and adenocarcinoma. This significantly increases the socioeconomic aspect of obesity and GERD. Excess body weight mechanically increases the likelihood of reflux disease, increases intraabdominal pressure, and decreases tonus of the lower esophageal sphincter. On the other hand, GERD pathogenesis can be explained by both hormonal and endocrine fatty tissue activity. Body mass reduction, as part of the Erst line of therapy, significantly improves GERD symptomatology in obese patients

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Randomised clinical trial comparing concomitant and hybrid therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection

Uvod. Suvremeni pristup liječenja H. pylori infekcije temelji se na podatcima o lokalnoj rezistenciji na pojedine antibiotike. Za regije visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin prvi izbor terapije može biti i četverostruka ne-bizmut terapija, kao što je konkomitantna terapija. Izuzev konkomitantne, u primjeni su i drugi modeli četverostruke terapije kao što je hibridna terapija. Kao moguća prednost hibridne terapije ističe se manji broj antibiotika u terapijskom protokolu. Ipak, rijetka su istraživanja u kojima su uspoređivane konkomitantna i hibridna terapija i to u regiji visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin. Cilj. Primarni cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti konkomitantnu i hibridnu terapiju u prvoj liniji eradikacijskog liječenja u regiji visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin u kojoj još uvijek nije definiran prikladan terapijski pristup. Sekundarni ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrditi suradljivost i nuspojave u pojedinoj terapijskoj skupini te ih međusobno usporediti. Također, cilj istraživanja bio je i usporediti kvalitetu života bolesnika s H. pylori infekcijom prije i poslije konkomitantne i hibridne eradikacijske terapije korištenjem specifičnog upitnika za gastrointestinalne smetnje (GSRS). Metode. U otvorenom, randomiziranom, kliničkom istraživanju, ukupno 140 bolesnika s H. pylori infekcijom randomizirano je u dvije terapijske skupine: konkomitantnu (esomeprazol 40 mg, amoksicilin 1 g, metronidazol 500 mg, klaritromicin 500 mg, dva puta dnevno tijekom 14 dana, peroralno) te hibridnu skupinu (esomeprazol 40 mg, amoksicilin 1 g, dva puta dnevno peroralno tijekom 14 dana, s dodavanjem metronidazola 500 mg i klaritromicina 500 mg dva puta dnevno peroralno, tijekom posljednjih sedam dana). Mjesec dana nakon završetka terapije, učinjen je antigenski test u stolici, kako bi se utvrdio ishod terapije. Također, ispitivana je suradljivost te nuspojave. Svim bolesnicima je prije i nakon eradikacijske terapije podijeljen GSRS (engl. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale) upitnik. Rezultati. Stope eradikacije u konkomitantnoj i hibridnoj terapijskoj skupini bile su 84,1% (58/69) i 83,1% (59/71) u ITT analizi te 96,7% (58/60) i 95,2% (59/62) u PP analizi. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika između konkomitantne i hibridne skupine: P = 0,878 u ITT analizi i P = 0,675 u PP analizi. Nuspojave se bile statistički značajno češće u konkomitantnoj skupini (33,3% vs 18,3%, P = 0,043). U obje skupine mučnina je bila najčešća nuspojava. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika po pitanju suradljivosti između skupina. U obje skupine ukupni GSRS zbir poboljšao se nakon terapije (konkomitantna skupina: medijan 23 (IQR 18-28) vs. medijan 19 (15,75-24), P < 0.001; hibridna skupina: medijan 28 (IQR 20-39,5) vs. 22 (IQR 18-31), P < 0,001). U konkomitantnoj skupini, statistički značajno manji GSRS rezultat zabilježen je nakon terapije u sljedećim skupinama smetnji: boli u trbuhu, refluksa te maldigestije. U hibridnoj skupini, statistički značajno manji GSRS rezultat zabilježen je nakon terapije kod svih analiziranih skupina smetnji: boli u trbuhu, refluksa, maldigestije, proljeva i konstipacije. Bolesnici koji su imali nuspojave uslijed eradikacijske terapije imali su statistički značajno veći GSRS zbir nakon terapije (medijan 22 (IQR 18-31) vs. medijan 19,5 (IQR 16-25); P = 0,041). Zaključak. Hibridna terapija pokazala je sličnu eradikacijsku stopu kao i konkomitantna terapija, ali s manje učestalim nuspojavama. Iako i konkomitantna i hibridna terapija mogu poboljšati gastrointestinalne smetnje, hibridna terapija pokazuje veći benefit.Background. The current approach to the treatment of H. pylori infection is based on the data of local resistance to antibiotics. For regions with high clarithromycin resistance, quadruple non-bismuth therapy, such as concomitant therapy, may be the first choice of therapy. Apart from concomitant, other models of quadruple therapy are also used, such as hybrid therapy. A smaller number of antibiotics in the hybrid regime may be beneficial. However, studies comparing concomitant and hybrid therapy in the region of high clarithromycin resistance are scarce. Aim. The primary objective of the study was to compare concomitant and hybrid therapy in the first line of eradication treatment in the region of high clarithromycin resistance, where the appropriate eradication scheme has not yet been established. Secondary aims of the study were to determine and to compare compliance and adverse events. Also, the aim of the study was to compare the quality of life of patients with H. pylori infection before and after eradication therapy using a specific questionnaire for gastrointestinal symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, GSRS). Methods. In an open-label, randomised clinical trial 140 patients total with H. pylori infection were randomly assigned to either concomitant (esomeprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1 g, metronidazole 500 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, twice daily for 14 days) or hybrid (esomeprazole 40 mg and amoxicillin 1 g twice daily during 14 days with adding metronidazole 500 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, in the last 7 days) treatment group. One month after the end of therapy, a stool antigen test was performed to determine the outcome of therapy. Also, patients were assessed regarding compliance and adverse events. All patients were given GSRS questionnaire before and after therapy. Results. Eradication rates in the concomitant and hybrid treatment groups were 84.1% (58/69) and 83.1% (59/71) in intention-to-treat analysis and 96.7% (58/60) and 95.2% (59/62) in per-protocol analysis. There was no significant difference between the concomitant and hybrid group: P = 0.878 in the ITT analysis and P = 0.675 in the PP analysis. Adverse events were significantly more frequent in the concomitant group (33.3% vs 18.3%, P = 0.043). In both groups, nausea was the most common adverse event. There was no significant difference between groups regarding compliance. In both groups, the total GSRS score improved significantly after therapy (concomitant group: median 23 (IQR 18-28) vs. median 19 (15.75–24), P < 0.001; hybrid group: median 28 (IQR 20-39.5) vs. 22 (IQR 18-31), P < 0.001). In the concomitant group, the abdominal pain score, reflux symptoms score and indigestion score decreased significantly after therapy. In the group with hybrid therapy, all five groups of symptoms (abdominal pain, reflux symptoms, indigestion, diarrhea and constipation) significantly decreased after therapy. Patients with adverse events had significantly higher total GSRS scores after eradication therapy (median 22 (IQR 18-31) vs. median 19.5 (IQR 16-25); P = 0.041). Conclusion. Hybrid therapy has similar eradication rate as concomitant therapy, with lower adverse events rate. Both concomitant and hybrid eradication therapy regimes could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms regardless of the treatment used, but the favourable effect seemed to be more pronounced after hybrid therapy. In the era of increasing antibiotic resistance, eradication regime with less antibiotic’s usage, as hybrid therapy, should be reasonable first line treatment choice for H. pylori infection

Randomised clinical trial comparing concomitant and hybrid therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection

Uvod. Suvremeni pristup liječenja H. pylori infekcije temelji se na podatcima o lokalnoj rezistenciji na pojedine antibiotike. Za regije visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin prvi izbor terapije može biti i četverostruka ne-bizmut terapija, kao što je konkomitantna terapija. Izuzev konkomitantne, u primjeni su i drugi modeli četverostruke terapije kao što je hibridna terapija. Kao moguća prednost hibridne terapije ističe se manji broj antibiotika u terapijskom protokolu. Ipak, rijetka su istraživanja u kojima su uspoređivane konkomitantna i hibridna terapija i to u regiji visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin. Cilj. Primarni cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti konkomitantnu i hibridnu terapiju u prvoj liniji eradikacijskog liječenja u regiji visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin u kojoj još uvijek nije definiran prikladan terapijski pristup. Sekundarni ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrditi suradljivost i nuspojave u pojedinoj terapijskoj skupini te ih međusobno usporediti. Također, cilj istraživanja bio je i usporediti kvalitetu života bolesnika s H. pylori infekcijom prije i poslije konkomitantne i hibridne eradikacijske terapije korištenjem specifičnog upitnika za gastrointestinalne smetnje (GSRS). Metode. U otvorenom, randomiziranom, kliničkom istraživanju, ukupno 140 bolesnika s H. pylori infekcijom randomizirano je u dvije terapijske skupine: konkomitantnu (esomeprazol 40 mg, amoksicilin 1 g, metronidazol 500 mg, klaritromicin 500 mg, dva puta dnevno tijekom 14 dana, peroralno) te hibridnu skupinu (esomeprazol 40 mg, amoksicilin 1 g, dva puta dnevno peroralno tijekom 14 dana, s dodavanjem metronidazola 500 mg i klaritromicina 500 mg dva puta dnevno peroralno, tijekom posljednjih sedam dana). Mjesec dana nakon završetka terapije, učinjen je antigenski test u stolici, kako bi se utvrdio ishod terapije. Također, ispitivana je suradljivost te nuspojave. Svim bolesnicima je prije i nakon eradikacijske terapije podijeljen GSRS (engl. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale) upitnik. Rezultati. Stope eradikacije u konkomitantnoj i hibridnoj terapijskoj skupini bile su 84,1% (58/69) i 83,1% (59/71) u ITT analizi te 96,7% (58/60) i 95,2% (59/62) u PP analizi. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika između konkomitantne i hibridne skupine: P = 0,878 u ITT analizi i P = 0,675 u PP analizi. Nuspojave se bile statistički značajno češće u konkomitantnoj skupini (33,3% vs 18,3%, P = 0,043). U obje skupine mučnina je bila najčešća nuspojava. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika po pitanju suradljivosti između skupina. U obje skupine ukupni GSRS zbir poboljšao se nakon terapije (konkomitantna skupina: medijan 23 (IQR 18-28) vs. medijan 19 (15,75-24), P < 0.001; hibridna skupina: medijan 28 (IQR 20-39,5) vs. 22 (IQR 18-31), P < 0,001). U konkomitantnoj skupini, statistički značajno manji GSRS rezultat zabilježen je nakon terapije u sljedećim skupinama smetnji: boli u trbuhu, refluksa te maldigestije. U hibridnoj skupini, statistički značajno manji GSRS rezultat zabilježen je nakon terapije kod svih analiziranih skupina smetnji: boli u trbuhu, refluksa, maldigestije, proljeva i konstipacije. Bolesnici koji su imali nuspojave uslijed eradikacijske terapije imali su statistički značajno veći GSRS zbir nakon terapije (medijan 22 (IQR 18-31) vs. medijan 19,5 (IQR 16-25); P = 0,041). Zaključak. Hibridna terapija pokazala je sličnu eradikacijsku stopu kao i konkomitantna terapija, ali s manje učestalim nuspojavama. Iako i konkomitantna i hibridna terapija mogu poboljšati gastrointestinalne smetnje, hibridna terapija pokazuje veći benefit.Background. The current approach to the treatment of H. pylori infection is based on the data of local resistance to antibiotics. For regions with high clarithromycin resistance, quadruple non-bismuth therapy, such as concomitant therapy, may be the first choice of therapy. Apart from concomitant, other models of quadruple therapy are also used, such as hybrid therapy. A smaller number of antibiotics in the hybrid regime may be beneficial. However, studies comparing concomitant and hybrid therapy in the region of high clarithromycin resistance are scarce. Aim. The primary objective of the study was to compare concomitant and hybrid therapy in the first line of eradication treatment in the region of high clarithromycin resistance, where the appropriate eradication scheme has not yet been established. Secondary aims of the study were to determine and to compare compliance and adverse events. Also, the aim of the study was to compare the quality of life of patients with H. pylori infection before and after eradication therapy using a specific questionnaire for gastrointestinal symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, GSRS). Methods. In an open-label, randomised clinical trial 140 patients total with H. pylori infection were randomly assigned to either concomitant (esomeprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1 g, metronidazole 500 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, twice daily for 14 days) or hybrid (esomeprazole 40 mg and amoxicillin 1 g twice daily during 14 days with adding metronidazole 500 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, in the last 7 days) treatment group. One month after the end of therapy, a stool antigen test was performed to determine the outcome of therapy. Also, patients were assessed regarding compliance and adverse events. All patients were given GSRS questionnaire before and after therapy. Results. Eradication rates in the concomitant and hybrid treatment groups were 84.1% (58/69) and 83.1% (59/71) in intention-to-treat analysis and 96.7% (58/60) and 95.2% (59/62) in per-protocol analysis. There was no significant difference between the concomitant and hybrid group: P = 0.878 in the ITT analysis and P = 0.675 in the PP analysis. Adverse events were significantly more frequent in the concomitant group (33.3% vs 18.3%, P = 0.043). In both groups, nausea was the most common adverse event. There was no significant difference between groups regarding compliance. In both groups, the total GSRS score improved significantly after therapy (concomitant group: median 23 (IQR 18-28) vs. median 19 (15.75–24), P < 0.001; hybrid group: median 28 (IQR 20-39.5) vs. 22 (IQR 18-31), P < 0.001). In the concomitant group, the abdominal pain score, reflux symptoms score and indigestion score decreased significantly after therapy. In the group with hybrid therapy, all five groups of symptoms (abdominal pain, reflux symptoms, indigestion, diarrhea and constipation) significantly decreased after therapy. Patients with adverse events had significantly higher total GSRS scores after eradication therapy (median 22 (IQR 18-31) vs. median 19.5 (IQR 16-25); P = 0.041). Conclusion. Hybrid therapy has similar eradication rate as concomitant therapy, with lower adverse events rate. Both concomitant and hybrid eradication therapy regimes could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms regardless of the treatment used, but the favourable effect seemed to be more pronounced after hybrid therapy. In the era of increasing antibiotic resistance, eradication regime with less antibiotic’s usage, as hybrid therapy, should be reasonable first line treatment choice for H. pylori infection

Basic Methods and Indicators of Profitability of Investments in Peleti Ltd.

U radu su opisane osnovne metode i pokazatelji isplativosti ulaganja. Metode su neto sadašnja vrijednost, interna stopa rentabilnosti, razdoblje povrata, diskontirano razdoblje povrata, metoda indeksa profitabilnosti, odnos koristi i žrtve te metoda anuiteta. Sve metode su detaljno opisane, definirane su formulama te su objašnjeni mogući dobiveni rezultati na temelju izračuna. Na primjeru realnog ulaganja u projekt za poduzeće Peleti d.o.o , primijenjene su sve navedene metode te je donijet zaključak o isplativosti ulaganja u projekt

Basic Methods and Indicators of Profitability of Investments in Peleti Ltd.

U radu su opisane osnovne metode i pokazatelji isplativosti ulaganja. Metode su neto sadašnja vrijednost, interna stopa rentabilnosti, razdoblje povrata, diskontirano razdoblje povrata, metoda indeksa profitabilnosti, odnos koristi i žrtve te metoda anuiteta. Sve metode su detaljno opisane, definirane su formulama te su objašnjeni mogući dobiveni rezultati na temelju izračuna. Na primjeru realnog ulaganja u projekt za poduzeće Peleti d.o.o , primijenjene su sve navedene metode te je donijet zaključak o isplativosti ulaganja u projekt

Basic Methods and Indicators of Profitability of Investments in Peleti Ltd.

U radu su opisane osnovne metode i pokazatelji isplativosti ulaganja. Metode su neto sadašnja vrijednost, interna stopa rentabilnosti, razdoblje povrata, diskontirano razdoblje povrata, metoda indeksa profitabilnosti, odnos koristi i žrtve te metoda anuiteta. Sve metode su detaljno opisane, definirane su formulama te su objašnjeni mogući dobiveni rezultati na temelju izračuna. Na primjeru realnog ulaganja u projekt za poduzeće Peleti d.o.o , primijenjene su sve navedene metode te je donijet zaključak o isplativosti ulaganja u projekt

Randomised clinical trial comparing concomitant and hybrid therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection

Uvod. Suvremeni pristup liječenja H. pylori infekcije temelji se na podatcima o lokalnoj rezistenciji na pojedine antibiotike. Za regije visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin prvi izbor terapije može biti i četverostruka ne-bizmut terapija, kao što je konkomitantna terapija. Izuzev konkomitantne, u primjeni su i drugi modeli četverostruke terapije kao što je hibridna terapija. Kao moguća prednost hibridne terapije ističe se manji broj antibiotika u terapijskom protokolu. Ipak, rijetka su istraživanja u kojima su uspoređivane konkomitantna i hibridna terapija i to u regiji visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin. Cilj. Primarni cilj istraživanja bio je usporediti konkomitantnu i hibridnu terapiju u prvoj liniji eradikacijskog liječenja u regiji visoke rezistencije na klaritromicin u kojoj još uvijek nije definiran prikladan terapijski pristup. Sekundarni ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrditi suradljivost i nuspojave u pojedinoj terapijskoj skupini te ih međusobno usporediti. Također, cilj istraživanja bio je i usporediti kvalitetu života bolesnika s H. pylori infekcijom prije i poslije konkomitantne i hibridne eradikacijske terapije korištenjem specifičnog upitnika za gastrointestinalne smetnje (GSRS). Metode. U otvorenom, randomiziranom, kliničkom istraživanju, ukupno 140 bolesnika s H. pylori infekcijom randomizirano je u dvije terapijske skupine: konkomitantnu (esomeprazol 40 mg, amoksicilin 1 g, metronidazol 500 mg, klaritromicin 500 mg, dva puta dnevno tijekom 14 dana, peroralno) te hibridnu skupinu (esomeprazol 40 mg, amoksicilin 1 g, dva puta dnevno peroralno tijekom 14 dana, s dodavanjem metronidazola 500 mg i klaritromicina 500 mg dva puta dnevno peroralno, tijekom posljednjih sedam dana). Mjesec dana nakon završetka terapije, učinjen je antigenski test u stolici, kako bi se utvrdio ishod terapije. Također, ispitivana je suradljivost te nuspojave. Svim bolesnicima je prije i nakon eradikacijske terapije podijeljen GSRS (engl. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale) upitnik. Rezultati. Stope eradikacije u konkomitantnoj i hibridnoj terapijskoj skupini bile su 84,1% (58/69) i 83,1% (59/71) u ITT analizi te 96,7% (58/60) i 95,2% (59/62) u PP analizi. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika između konkomitantne i hibridne skupine: P = 0,878 u ITT analizi i P = 0,675 u PP analizi. Nuspojave se bile statistički značajno češće u konkomitantnoj skupini (33,3% vs 18,3%, P = 0,043). U obje skupine mučnina je bila najčešća nuspojava. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika po pitanju suradljivosti između skupina. U obje skupine ukupni GSRS zbir poboljšao se nakon terapije (konkomitantna skupina: medijan 23 (IQR 18-28) vs. medijan 19 (15,75-24), P < 0.001; hibridna skupina: medijan 28 (IQR 20-39,5) vs. 22 (IQR 18-31), P < 0,001). U konkomitantnoj skupini, statistički značajno manji GSRS rezultat zabilježen je nakon terapije u sljedećim skupinama smetnji: boli u trbuhu, refluksa te maldigestije. U hibridnoj skupini, statistički značajno manji GSRS rezultat zabilježen je nakon terapije kod svih analiziranih skupina smetnji: boli u trbuhu, refluksa, maldigestije, proljeva i konstipacije. Bolesnici koji su imali nuspojave uslijed eradikacijske terapije imali su statistički značajno veći GSRS zbir nakon terapije (medijan 22 (IQR 18-31) vs. medijan 19,5 (IQR 16-25); P = 0,041). Zaključak. Hibridna terapija pokazala je sličnu eradikacijsku stopu kao i konkomitantna terapija, ali s manje učestalim nuspojavama. Iako i konkomitantna i hibridna terapija mogu poboljšati gastrointestinalne smetnje, hibridna terapija pokazuje veći benefit.Background. The current approach to the treatment of H. pylori infection is based on the data of local resistance to antibiotics. For regions with high clarithromycin resistance, quadruple non-bismuth therapy, such as concomitant therapy, may be the first choice of therapy. Apart from concomitant, other models of quadruple therapy are also used, such as hybrid therapy. A smaller number of antibiotics in the hybrid regime may be beneficial. However, studies comparing concomitant and hybrid therapy in the region of high clarithromycin resistance are scarce. Aim. The primary objective of the study was to compare concomitant and hybrid therapy in the first line of eradication treatment in the region of high clarithromycin resistance, where the appropriate eradication scheme has not yet been established. Secondary aims of the study were to determine and to compare compliance and adverse events. Also, the aim of the study was to compare the quality of life of patients with H. pylori infection before and after eradication therapy using a specific questionnaire for gastrointestinal symptoms (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, GSRS). Methods. In an open-label, randomised clinical trial 140 patients total with H. pylori infection were randomly assigned to either concomitant (esomeprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1 g, metronidazole 500 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, twice daily for 14 days) or hybrid (esomeprazole 40 mg and amoxicillin 1 g twice daily during 14 days with adding metronidazole 500 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, in the last 7 days) treatment group. One month after the end of therapy, a stool antigen test was performed to determine the outcome of therapy. Also, patients were assessed regarding compliance and adverse events. All patients were given GSRS questionnaire before and after therapy. Results. Eradication rates in the concomitant and hybrid treatment groups were 84.1% (58/69) and 83.1% (59/71) in intention-to-treat analysis and 96.7% (58/60) and 95.2% (59/62) in per-protocol analysis. There was no significant difference between the concomitant and hybrid group: P = 0.878 in the ITT analysis and P = 0.675 in the PP analysis. Adverse events were significantly more frequent in the concomitant group (33.3% vs 18.3%, P = 0.043). In both groups, nausea was the most common adverse event. There was no significant difference between groups regarding compliance. In both groups, the total GSRS score improved significantly after therapy (concomitant group: median 23 (IQR 18-28) vs. median 19 (15.75–24), P < 0.001; hybrid group: median 28 (IQR 20-39.5) vs. 22 (IQR 18-31), P < 0.001). In the concomitant group, the abdominal pain score, reflux symptoms score and indigestion score decreased significantly after therapy. In the group with hybrid therapy, all five groups of symptoms (abdominal pain, reflux symptoms, indigestion, diarrhea and constipation) significantly decreased after therapy. Patients with adverse events had significantly higher total GSRS scores after eradication therapy (median 22 (IQR 18-31) vs. median 19.5 (IQR 16-25); P = 0.041). Conclusion. Hybrid therapy has similar eradication rate as concomitant therapy, with lower adverse events rate. Both concomitant and hybrid eradication therapy regimes could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms regardless of the treatment used, but the favourable effect seemed to be more pronounced after hybrid therapy. In the era of increasing antibiotic resistance, eradication regime with less antibiotic’s usage, as hybrid therapy, should be reasonable first line treatment choice for H. pylori infection

A Patient with Ulcerative Colitis Complicated by Systemic Vein Thrombosis

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have an increased risk for thromboembolic complications, the most common of them are deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Other locations and genetic mutations of coagulation factors are not so common in these patients. Here we present a case of a young woman with exacerbation of previously diagnosed mild UC complicated by multiple thrombotic incidents due to MTHFR gene mutation