Melatonin: a review of its potential functions and effects on dental diseases

Melatonin is a hormone synthesised and secreted by the pineal gland and other organs. Its secretion, controlled by an endogenous circadian cycle, has been proven to exert immunological, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects that can be beneficial in the treatment of certain dental diseases. This article is aimed at carrying out a review of the literature published about the use of melatonin in the dental field and summarising its potential effects. In this review article, an extensive search in different databases of scientific journals was performed with the objective of summarising all of the information published on melatonin use in dental diseases, focussing on periodontal diseases and dental implantology. Melatonin released in a natural way into the saliva, or added as an external treatment, may have important implications for dental disorders, such as periodontal disease, as well as in the osseointegration of dental implants, due to its anti-inflammatory and osseoconductive effects. Melatonin has demonstrated to have beneficial effects on dental pathologies, although further research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of this moleculeS

Effects of diacerein on cartilage and subchondral bone in early stages of osteoarthritis in a rabbit model

Background: Osteoarthritis is thought to be the most prevalent chronic and disabling joint disease in animals and humans. At present, there is no ideal treatment option. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the treatment with oral diacerein on articular cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone in an experimental rabbit model of osteoarthritis by micro-CT evaluation and histological analysis. To this purpose, osteoarthritis was surgically induced on one knee of 16 rabbits using the contralateral knee as healthy controls. Treatment was started three weeks later and lasted eight weeks. Animals were divided into two groups for treatment: Placebo (treated daily with oral saline) and diacerein (treated orally with 1.5 mg/kg/day of diacerein). Results: Sample analysis revealed that this model induced osteoarthritis in the operated knee joint. Osteoarthritis placebo group showed a significant increase in non-calcified cartilage thickness and volume with respect to the control placebo group and important changes in the synovial membrane; whereas the parameters measured in subchondral bone remained unchanged. In the osteoarthritis diacerein-treated group the results showed an improvement with respect to the OA placebo group in all parameters, although the results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of this animal study suggested that the diacerein treatment for OA may be able to ameliorate the swelling and surface alterations of the cartilage and exert an anti-inflammatory effect on the synovial membrane, which might contribute to OA improvement, as well as an anabolic effect on subchondral trabecular bone.The authors are grateful to the Directorate-General of Research, Development and Innovation, Ministry of Economy and Industry, Xunta de Galicia for funding this work through research project 09CSA008E, co-financed by the European Regional and Social Funds (FEDER and FSE) and by a grant from the Fundación Salud 2000S

Histomorphometric Quantitative Evaluation of Long-Term Risedronate Use in a Knee Osteoarthritis Rabbit Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) treatment is a major orthopedic challenge given that there is no ideal drug capable to reverse or stop the progression of the OA. In that regard, bisphosphonates have been proposed as potential disease-modifying drugs due to their possible chondroprotective effect related to obtaining a greater subchondral bone quality. However, their effectiveness in OA is still controversial and additionally, there is little evidence focused on their long-term effect in preclinical studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risedronate quantitative effect on articular and subchondral periarticular bone by histomorphometry, in an experimental rabbit model in an advanced stage of OA. Twenty-four adult New Zealand rabbits were included in the study. OA was surgically induced in one randomly chosen knee, using the contralateral as healthy control. Animals were divided into three groups (n = 8): placebo control group, sham surgery group and risedronate-treated group. After 24 weeks of treatment, cartilage and subchondral femorotibial pathology was evaluated by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and undecalcified histology. The research results demonstrated that the experimental animal model induced osteoarthritic changes in the operated joints, showing an increased cartilage thickness and fibrillation associated with underlying subchondral bone thinning and decreased trabecular bone quality. These changes were especially highlighted in the medial tibial compartments as a possible response to surgical instability. Regarding the trabecular analysis, significant correlations were found between 2D histomorphometry and 3D imaging micro-CT for the trabecular bone volume, trabecular separation, and the trabecular number. However, these associations were not strongly correlated, obtaining more precise measurements in the micro-CT analysis. Concerning the long-term risedronate treatment, it did not seem to have the capacity to reduce the osteoarthritic hypertrophic cartilage response and failed to diminish the superficial cartilage damage or prevent the trabecular bone loss. This study provides novel information about the quantitative effect of long-term risedronate use on synovial joint tissuesThis study was self-funded by the Laboratory of bone-material analysis, Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, USC-Lugo, Spain and a grant of Xunta de Galicia (GRC ED431C 2017/37)S

Effect of the TNF -308 G/A Polymorphism on the Changes Produced by Atorvastatin in Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Producción CientíficaAims: To evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on bone mass and markers of bone remodeling in patients with acute coronary syndrome depending on the tumor necrosis factor- (TNF )-308 G/A polymorphism. Methods: Sixty-two patients with acute coronary syndrome (35 males and 27 females), average age 60 8 10 years, were included. Patients were given low (10–20 mg) and high doses (40–80 mg) atorvastatin according to their baseline levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and their index of vascular risk. Patients were studied during hospital admission (baseline) and at 12 months of follow-up. Cholesterol, triglycerides, total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline were determined in all patients at baseline and at 12 months of follow-up. Densitometric studies were conducted in the lumbar spine (L 2 –L 4 ), femoral neck and trochanter using an X-ray densitometer. The TNF -308 G/A polymorphism was determined by the polymerase chain reaction. Results: Forty-five patients were homozygous for G/G (72.5%) and 17 were heterozygous for G/A (27.5%). The prevalence of osteoporosis (T score ^ 2.5 in the lumbar spineand/or hip) was 33% for the G/G genotype and 35% for the G/A genotype, with no statistically significant differences between groups. There was a statistically significant increase in bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine (1.107 8 0.32 vs. 1.129 8 0.23; p = 0.0001) in patients with the G/G genotype. No changes were observed in patients with the G/A genotype. Conclusion: In patients with acute coronary syndrome, atorvastatin increases lumbar spine BMD solely in patients with the G/G genotype of the TNF -308 G/A polymorphism

Comparison of various SYSADOA for the osteoarthritis treatment: an experimental study in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is thought to be the most prevalent chronic and disabling joint disease in animals and humans and its treatment is a major orthopaedic challenge because there is no ideal drug treatment to preserve joint structure and function, as well as to ameliorate the symptomatology of the disease. The aim of the present study was to assess, using histology, histomorphometry and micro-CT, the effects of the treatment with several drugs of the SYSADOA group and a bisphosphonate in a model of early osteoarthritis, comparing all the results obtained. Methods: Osteoarthritis was surgically induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection and partial meniscectomy on one knee of 56 rabbits; treatment was started three weeks after surgery and lasted 8 weeks; at the end of this period, the animals were sacrificed. Animals were divided into seven groups (8 animals each), one for each regimen of treatment (glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, diacerein, risedronate and a combination of risedronate and glucosamine) and one for the control (placebo-treated) group. Following sacrifice, femoral osteochondral cylinders and synovial membrane samples were obtained for their evaluation by qualitative and quantitative histology and micro-CT. Results: The model induced osteoarthritic changes in the knee joints and none of the treatments showed a significantly better efficacy over the others. Regarding cartilage thickness and volume, all the treatments achieved scores halfway between control groups, without statistical differences. Regarding the synovial membrane, diacerein and risedronate showed the best anti-inflammatory profile, whereas glucosamine and chondroitin did not present any effect standing the hyaluronic acid results between the others. Regarding the subchondral bone, there were no differences in thickness or volume, but risedronate, diacerein and hyaluronic acid seemed to have considerably modified the orientation of the trabecular lattice. Conclusions: Out of the different drugs evaluated in the study for OA treatment, diacerein and risedronate showed, in all the parameters measured, a better profile of effectiveness; hyaluronic acid ameliorated cartilage swelling and promoted bone formation, but with a poor synovial effect; and finally, chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate prevented cartilage swelling in a similar way to the others, but had no effect on cartilage surface, synovial membrane or subchondral bone.The authors thank the Dirección Xeral de I + D + i, Consellería de Economía e Industria, Xunta de Galicia for funding this work through research project 09CSA008E, cofinanced by European regional and social funds (FEDER and FSE) from European Union and by a grant of Fundación Salud 2000S

Effects of glucosamine and risedronate alone or in combination in an experimental rabbit model of osteoarthritis

Background: The osteoarthritis (OA) treatment in humans and in animals is a major orthopaedic challenge because there is not an ideal drug for preserving the joint structure and function. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the treatment with oral glucosamine and risedronate alone or in combination on articular cartilage, synovial membrane and subchondral bone in an experimental rabbit model of OA. Osteoarthritis was surgically induced on one knee of 32 New Zealand White rabbits using the contralateral as healthy controls. Three weeks later treatments were started and lasted 8 weeks. Animal were divided in four groups of oral treatment: the first group received only saline, the second 21.5 mg/kg/day of glucosamine sulfate, the third 0.07 mg/kg/day of risedronate; and the fourth group both drugs simultaneously at the same dosages. Following sacrifice femurs were removed and osteochondral cylinders and synovial membrane were obtained for its histological and micro-CT evaluation. Results: Sample analysis revealed that the model induced osteoarthritic changes in operated knees. OA placebo group showed a significant increase in cartilage thickness respect to the control and inflammatory changes in synovial membrane; whereas subchondral bone structure and volumetric bone mineral density remained unchanged. All the treated animals showed an improvement of the cartilage swelling independent of the drug used. Treatment with glucosamine alone seemed to have no effect in the progression of cartilage pathology while risedronate treatment had better results in superficial fibrillation and in resolving the inflammatory changes of the tissues, as well as modifying the orientation of trabecular lattice. The combination of both compounds seemed to have additive effects showing better results than those treated with only one drug. Conclusions: The results of this animal study suggested that glucosamine sulfate and risedronate treatment alone or in combination may be able to stop cartilage swelling. The risedronate treatment could partially stop the fibrillation and the inflammation of synovial membrane as well as modify the orientation of trabeculae in healthy and in osteoarthritic kneesThe authors thank the Dirección Xeral de I + D + i, Consellería de Economía e Industria, Xunta de Galicia for funding this work through research project 09CSA008E, cofinanced by European regional and social funds (FEDER and FSE) from European Union and by a grant of Fundación Salud 2000S

Acute Cardiotoxicity Evaluation of the Marine Biotoxins OA, DTX-1 and YTX

Phycotoxins are marine toxins produced by phytoplankton that can get accumulated in filter feeding shellfish. Human intoxication episodes occur due to contaminated seafood consumption. Okadaic acid (OA) and dynophysistoxins (DTXs) are phycotoxins responsible for a severe gastrointestinal syndrome called diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Yessotoxins (YTXs) are marine toxins initially included in the DSP class but currently classified as a separated group. Food safety authorities from several countries have regulated the content of DSPs and YTXs in shellfish to protect human health. In mice, OA and YTX have been associated with ultrastructural heart damage in vivo. Therefore, this study explored the potential of OA, DTX-1 and YTX to cause acute heart toxicity. Cardiotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by measuring hERG (human èter-a-go-go gene) channel activity and in vivo using electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings and cardiac damage biomarkers. The results demonstrated that these toxins do not exert acute effects on hERG channel activity. Additionally, in vivo experiments showed that these compounds do not alter cardiac biomarkers and ECG in rats acutely. Despite the ultrastructural damage to the heart reported for these toxins, no acute alterations of heart function have been detected in vivo, suggesting a functional compensation in the short termThe research leading to these results has received funding from the following FEDER cofunded-grants. From CDTI and Technological Funds, supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, AGL2012-40185-CO2-01 and Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, GRC2013-016, and through Axencia Galega de Innovación, Spain, ITC-20133020 SINTOX, IN852A 2013/16-3 MYTIGAL. From CDTI under ISIP Programme, Spain, IDI-20130304 APTAFOOD. From the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme managed by REA—Research Executive Agency (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement Nos. 265409 µAQUA, 315285 CIGUATOOLS and 312184 PHARMASEAS

Efusiones pleurales en pequeños animales

El derrame pleural es una acumulación anormal de líquidos en la cavidad pleural y constituye una manifestación clínica común a numerosos procesos. El derrame pleural es relativamente frecuente en perros y gatos. Su presentación clínica es variable, depende de la enfermedad subyacente, del volumen del derrame y de la rapidez en su formación. En ocasiones puede ser asintomático e identificarse como un hallazgo accidental, mientras que en otras es de tal magnitud que los signos de dificultad respiratoria dominarán el cuadro clínico. El planteamiento diagnóstico dependerá de las causas probables establecidas en función de la anamnesis y la exploración física de cada paciente en particular. La evaluación de un paciente con derrame pleural de causa no conocida comienza con la toracocentesis diagnóstica, excepto cuando la sospecha de derrame pleural es claramente secundaria a una enfermedad específica. El análisis del líquido pleural genera una información vital para el proceso diagnóstico, y en ciertos casos, suficiente para determinar la causa. El tratamiento es muy variable pues depende de la etiología subyacente. En ocasiones la causa puede no ser manejable. Los derrames neoplásicos generalmente tienen mal pronóstico y el tratamiento suele ser paliativo. Los piotórax tienen un pronóstico bueno, pero requieren de tratamiento con antibióticos riguroso y prolongado, y frecuentemente quirúrgico. Los trasudados, y derrames hemorrágicos son generalmente fáciles de resolver, pero las expectativas a largo plazo dependerán de la causa primaria. Los derrames quilosos pueden responder a tratamiento dietético y drenaje, pero si estos métodos fallan, será necesario realizar tratamiento quirúrgico

Crambescin C1 Acts as A Possible Substrate of iNOS and eNOS Increasing Nitric Oxide Production and Inducing In Vivo Hypotensive Effect

Crambescins are guanidine alkaloids from the sponge Crambe crambe. Crambescin C1 (CC) induces metallothionein genes and nitric oxide (NO) is one of the triggers. We studied and compared the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico effects of some crambescine A and C analogs. HepG2 gene expression was analyzed using microarrays. Vasodilation was studied in rat aortic rings. In vivo hypotensive effect was directly measured in anesthetized rats. The targets of crambescines were studied in silico. CC and homo-crambescine C1 (HCC), but not crambescine A1 (CA), induced metallothioneins transcripts. CC increased NO production in HepG2 cells. In isolated rat aortic rings, CC and HCC induced an endothelium-dependent relaxation related to eNOS activation and an endothelium-independent relaxation related to iNOS activation, hence both compounds increase NO and reduce vascular tone. In silico analysis also points to eNOS and iNOS as targets of Crambescin C1 and source of NO increment. CC effect is mediated through crambescin binding to the active site of eNOS and iNOS. CC docking studies in iNOS and eNOS active site revealed hydrogen bonding of the hydroxylated chain with residues Glu377 and Glu361, involved in the substrate recognition, and explains its higher binding affinity than CA. The later interaction and the extra polar contacts with its pyrimidine moiety, absent in the endogenous substrate, explain its role as exogenous substrate of NOSs and NO production. Our results suggest that CC serve as a basis to develop new useful drugs when bioavailability of NO is perturbed.Fil: Rubiolo, Juan Andrés. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia E Innovacion Productiva (santa Fe). - Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia E Innovacion Productiva (santa Fe).; Argentina. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Lence, Emilio. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: González Bello, Concepción. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Roel, María. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Gil Longo, José. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Campos Toimil, Manuel. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Ternon, Eva. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis. Laboratoire Jean-alexandre Dieudonné.; FranciaFil: Thomas, Olivier P.. National University of Ireland Galway; IrlandaFil: González Cantalapiedra, Antonio. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: López Alonso, Henar. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Vieytes, Mercedes R.. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Botana, Luis M.. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; Españ

Reseñas

[ES] Seguí de la Riva , Javier. Sobre dibujar y proyectar (por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 4.-- Dibujar, proyectar LVI y LVII Arte y muerte I y II ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 6.-- dibujar, proyectar LVIII El imaginario del dibujar (por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 6 y 7.-- Dibujar, proyectar LVI y LVII Diagrama, diagramar I y II ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 7.-- DIBUJAR, proyectar LVIII El imaginario del dibujar ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 6 y 7.-- DIBUJAR, PROYECTAR LVI y LVII Diagrama, diagramar I y II (por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp.7.-- DIBUJAR, PROYECTAR LIX, LX y LXI Escritos críticos I, II y III ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 7 .-- Rehabilitacion del Antiguo Hospital San Juan de Dios para Biblioteca y Archivo Historico de Orihuela (por Ana Torres Barchino) pp. 8.-- Arnau Amo, Joaquín. Arquitectura. Ritos y ritmos (por María Elia Gutiérrez Mozo) pp. 8 y 9.—Cardone, Vito. Viaggiatori d’architettura in Italia. Da Brunelleschi a Charles Garnier (por Cesare Cundari) pp. 9 y 10.-- Casado de Amezúa Vázquez, Joaquín. Las casas reales de la Alhambra. Geometría y espacio. Una aproximación al proceso de formación del espacio ( por Pilar Chías Navarro)pp. 10.-- Jaén i Urban, Gaspar; Baldomá Soto, Montserrat y Carrasco Martí, Maria Antonia. One century of photography and preservation in catalonia: the service for local architectural heritage ( por Pilar Chías Navarro) pp. 10 y 11.-- Jaén i Urban, Gaspar. El paisaje urbano de Nueva York en la obra escrita de Federico García Lorca (por Concepción López González y Jorge García valldecabres) pp. 11.—Trachana, Angelique. Urbe Ludens ( por Gonzalo García-Rosales) pp. 12.-- Fernández-Palacios, Victoria; Yanguas, Ana; Jiménez Fdez-Palacios, Luz. Manuel Aires Mateus. Cuaderno de La Alhambra ( por José Mª Gentil Baldrich) pp. 12 y 13.-- Agustín, Luis; Miret, Elena; Vallespín, Aurelio. Representación del espacio arquitectónico. 2011.12 (por Jesús Aparicio Guisado) pp. 14.—Herschdorfer, Nathalie y Lada Umstätter, Thames. Le Corbusier and the Power of Photography (por víctor A. Lafuente Sánchez) pp. 14 y 15.-- Roma en el bolsillo. Cuadernos de dibujo y aprendizaje artístico en el siglo XVIII ( por Fernando Linares García) pp. 15 y 16.-- Vicens y Hualde, Ignacio. Dicho y hecho ( por Fernando Linares García) pp 16.-- Le Corbusier. El arte decorativo de hoy ( por Carlos Montes Serrano )pp. 16 y 17.—Jenkins Birkhäuser, Eric J. Drawn to Design: Analyzing Architecture Through Freehand Drawing ( por víctor A. Lafuente Sánchez) pp. 17 y 18.—Sobrino, Miguel. Monasterios. Las biografías desconocidas de los cenobios de España ( por Javier García-Gutiérrez Mosteiro) pp. 18 y 19.-- Jiménez Martín, Alfonso. Anatomía de la Catedral de Sevilla ( por Francisco Pinto Puerto) pp. 19.-- Raposo Grau, Javier Fco; Butragueño Díaz-Guerra, Belen y Paredes Maldonado, Miguel. Dibujar, analizar, proyectar (2010) Título I. Colección dibujo, proyecto y arquitectura ( por Mariasun Salgado de la Rosa) pp. 19 y 20.-- Raposo Grau, Fco Javier; Butragueño Díaz-Guerra, Belen y Paredes Maldonado, Miguel. Dibujar, analizar, proyectar (2011) Título III. Colección dibujo, proyecto y arquitectura ( por Carlos L. Marcos Alba) pp. 20-22.-- García Doménech, Sergio. Reflexiones urbanas sobre el espacio público de Alicante. Una interpretación de la ciudad y sus escenarios ( por Juan Calduch Cervera) pp. 22 y 23.—Cundari, Casere. Il rilievo architettonico. Ragioni. Fondamenti. Applicazioni ( por Antonio Álvaro Tordesillas) pp. 23 y 24.—Autores varios. Perspectiva-Prospettiva. La práctica de la perspectiva ( por José Mª Gentil Baldrich) pp. 24 y 25.-- Soler Sanz, Felipe. Trazados Reguladores en la Arquitectura ( por Jorge García Valldecabres) pp. 25.-- Jiménez Alcañiz, Cesar. Análisis de las metodologías para la recuperación patrimonial de entornos urbanos protegidos. Propuesta metodológica: desde los valores históricos a los nuevos modelos energéticos. Russafa desde el siglo XIX( Por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 26.-- de Coca Leicher, José. El recinto ferial de la Casa de Campo de Madrid (1950-75)( por Esteban Herrero Cantalapiedra) pp. 27.-- La arquitectura religiosa renacentista en tierras del Maestre: la iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Vistabella del Maestrazgo ( por José Teodoro Garfella Rubio) pp. 27 y 28.-- Arquitectura de los balnearios en Galicia. Cuenca del Miño. 1816-1936 ( por José Antonio Franco Taboada)pp. 28 y 29.-- Barros da Rocha e Costa. Historia de la representación gráfica del Castillo de Peñíscola. Del grafito al láser ( por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 29.-- Rivas López, Esteban José. El Carmen de la fundación Rodríguez-Acosta. Una indagación gráfica ( por Joaquín Casado de Amezúa) pp.30.-- Verdejo Gimeno, Pedro. Estaciones intermedias de ferrocarril. La sección “Non nata” Teruel-Alcañiz (por Jorge Girbés Pérez) pp. 30 y 31.-- Sender Contell, Marina. El Monasterio de Santa María de la Murta. Análisis arquitectónico de un Monasterio Jerónimo ( por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 32.-- Iñarra Abad, Susana. El Render de Arquitectura. Análisis de la Respuesta Emocional del Observador ( por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 32 y 33.-- Fernández Morales, Angélica. De concreto a conceptual. Relaciones entre arte y arquitectura en el contexto helvético contemporáneo ( por Luis Agustín) pp. 33.—EXPOSICIÓN: Intervenciones cromáticas en los comercios del centro histórico ( por Jorge Llopis verdú) pp. 34 y 35.Seguí De La Riva, J.; Torres Barchino, A.; Gutiérrez Mozo, ME.; Cundari, C.; Chías Navarro, P.; López González, C.; García Valldecabres, J.... (2014). Reseñas. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 19(24):4-35. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2014.3268SWORD435192