Herdabilidade estimada por diferentes métodos em quatro gerações de progênies de um cruzamento de guandu

The objective of this work was to compare different methods to estimate heritability in 30 pigeon pea families from the F3, F4, F5, and F6 generations, for nine variables. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates and 20 plants per plot. Broad-sense heritability was estimated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) [h2b-E(MS)], restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) (h2b-REML), parent-offspring regression (h2PO), and standard deviation unit (h2UP). The h2b-E(MS) and h2b-REML estimates were similar for seven of the analyzed variables. For a higher genetic control and easier selection, values of h2b-E(MS) and h2b-REML >0.70 were estimated for two variables in four generations, two variables in three generations, three variables in two generations, and one variable in one generation. Values of h2UP and h2PO >0.70 were obtained for four and five variables, respectively. The estimates via regression or parent-offspring correlation showed some values outside the expected range of 0 to 1. The ANOVA [h2b-E(MS)] and REML/BLUP [h2b-REML] methods are the best to estimate pigeon pea heritability.O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes métodos para estimar a herdabilidade em 30 linhagens de guandu das gerações F3, F4, F5 e F6,  para nove variáveis. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e 20 plantas por parcela. Estimou-se a herdabilidade no sentido amplo por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA) [h2b-E(MS)], máxima verossimilhança restrita/melhor predição linear não viciada (REML/BLUP) (h2b-REML), regressão pai-filho (h2PO) e unidade do desvio-padrão (h2UP). As estimativas de h2b-E(MS) e h2b-REML foram de magnitude próxima para sete das variáveis analisadas. Para maior controle genético e facilidade na seleção, valores de h2b-E(MS) e h2b-REML >0,70 foram estimados para duas variáveis em quatro gerações, duas variáveis em três gerações, três variáveis em duas gerações e uma variável em uma geração. Valores de h2UP e h2PO >0,70 foram obtidos para quatro e cinco variáveis, respectivamente. As estimativas via regressão ou correlação pai-filho mostraram alguns valores fora da variação esperada de 0 a 1. Os métodos ANOVA [h2b-E(MS)] e REML/BLUP [h2b-REML] são os melhores para estimar a herdabilidade em guandu

Characterization, pathogenicity and anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani from watermelon

The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and pathogenic variation of Rhizoctonia solani isolates as well as to determine mycelial compatibility and hyphal fusion. The R. solani isolates CMM1053, CMM2967, CMM1052, CMM2983, CMM2971 and CMM3890 from watermelon were used. The determination of aggressiveness was evaluated using the six isolates inoculated in the Crimson Sweet susceptible cultivar in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates, the sample unit consisting of one plant. The experiment of mycelial growth rate was installed in the factorial scheme, 6 isolates x 3 culture media, using the following culture media Nutrient Agar, PDA and PSA, and a total of 5 replicates. The color characterization and sclerotia formation was performed 15 days after the fungal inoculation in each culture medium. For the characterization of vegetative compatibility and occurrence of hyphal fusion, the experiments were performed in CDR with three and two replicates, respectively. CMM1053 and CMM1052 isolates were the most aggressive; however, they were statistically different only from CMM2967 isolate. The PSA medium was the most promising for the mycelial growth. It was possible to observe that there was variability in the colonies color, being higher in the Nutrient Agar medium. Based on evaluations of vegetative compatibility and hyphal fusion, the six isolates belong to the same anastomosis group.The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and pathogenic variation of Rhizoctonia solani isolates as well as to determine mycelial compatibility and hyphal fusion. The R. solani isolates CMM1053, CMM2967, CMM1052, CMM2983, CMM2971 and CMM3890 from watermelon were used. The determination of aggressiveness was evaluated using the six isolates inoculated in the Crimson Sweet susceptible cultivar in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates, the sample unit consisting of one plant. The experiment of mycelial growth rate was installed in the factorial scheme, 6 isolates x 3 culture media, using the following culture media Nutrient Agar, PDA and PSA, and a total of 5 replicates. The color characterization and sclerotia formation was performed 15 days after the fungal inoculation in each culture medium. For the characterization of vegetative compatibility and occurrence of hyphal fusion, the experiments were performed in CDR with three and two replicates, respectively. CMM1053 and CMM1052 isolates were the most aggressive; however, they were statistically different only from CMM2967 isolate. The PSA medium was the most promising for the mycelial growth. It was possible to observe that there was variability in the colonies color, being higher in the Nutrient Agar medium. Based on evaluations of vegetative compatibility and hyphal fusion, the six isolates belong to the same anastomosis group

Occurrence of Dinarmus basalis parasitizing Callosobruchus maculatus in Vigna unguiculata in the semiarid region of the Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is the main pest of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. during the grain storage period. This study aimed to report the occurrence of a natural enemy associated with C. maculatus in cowpea, in the semiarid region of the Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. For this, cowpea samples were collected and placed in closed plastic containers, where they remained until the emergence of adult insects. From the infested samples, adults of C. maculatus and of the Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae) parasitoid emerged. This is the first report of D. basalis parasitizing C. maculatus in the semiarid region of the Rio Grande do Norte state

Primeiro levantamento de mosca das frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) e diversidade de parasitoides entre frutos de myrtaceae em todo o Estado da Bahia, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species that use myrtaceous fruit, particularly guava, as hosts in several localities in the state of Bahia and to determine the infestation rates, pupal viability rates, and fruit fly-parasitoid associations. Sampling of myrtaceous fruit was carried out in 24 municipalities in different regions in the state of Bahia. Four fruit fly species, Anastrepha fraterculus, Anastrepha zenildae, Anastrepha sororcula, and Ceratitis capitata were obtained from the collected fruit. Three parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) emerged from Anastrepha larvae/pupae, Doryctobracon areolatus, Utetes anastrephae, and Asobara anastrephae. Doryctobracon areolatus emerged from A. fraterculus, A. sororcula and A. zenildae; Utetes anastrephae emerged from A. fraterculus and A. zenildae; and Asobara anastrephae emerged from A. fraterculus. Fruit fly and myrtaceous fruit associations are reported for the first time in several municipalities in the state of Bahia. A. zenildae was found infesting Syzygium malaccense for the first time in Brazil

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

DESEMPENHO DE METODOLOGIAS PARA ESTIMATIVA DO SALDO DE RADIAÇÃO A PARTIR DE IMAGENS MODIS

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho de diferentes metodologias utilizadas na estimativa do saldo de radiação instantâneo (Rn), que é a principal fonte de energia em diversos processos naturais que ocorrem na superfície do nosso planeta. A área de estudo pertence à Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Mogi-Guaçu. Os dados de superfície que foram empregados na calibração e validação do Rn, foram obtidos de duas torres micrometeorológicas instaladas em áreas de cerrado e de cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizadas imagens do sensor MODIS e as metodologias empregadas foram SEBAL, METRIC e o modelo proposto por Bisht et al. O Rn no cerrado se mostrou sempre maior que o da cana-de-açúcar evidenciando que, nessas áreas nativas, há, portanto, uma maior quantidade de energia a ser convertida em calor sensível e latente. As metodologias empregadas mostraram-se bastante satisfatórias, havendo um melhor desempenho da metodologia METRIC. O fato da metodologia de Bisht et al. não necessitar de dados de superfície mostra-se bastante útil, já que na falta de medições de superfície tem-se a opção prática e sem custo para o usuário de fazer as estimativas do saldo de radiação

Characterization, pathogenicity and anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani from watermelon

The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and pathogenic variation of Rhizoctonia solani isolates as well as to determine mycelial compatibility and hyphal fusion. The R. solani isolates CMM1053, CMM2967, CMM1052, CMM2983, CMM2971 and CMM3890 from watermelon were used. The determination of aggressiveness was evaluated using the six isolates inoculated in the Crimson Sweet susceptible cultivar in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates, the sample unit consisting of one plant. The experiment of mycelial growth rate was installed in the factorial scheme, 6 isolates x 3 culture media, using the following culture media Nutrient Agar, PDA and PSA, and a total of 5 replicates. The color characterization and sclerotia formation was performed 15 days after the fungal inoculation in each culture medium. For the characterization of vegetative compatibility and occurrence of hyphal fusion, the experiments were performed in CDR with three and two replicates, respectively. CMM1053 and CMM1052 isolates were the most aggressive; however, they were statistically different only from CMM2967 isolate. The PSA medium was the most promising for the mycelial growth. It was possible to observe that there was variability in the colonies color, being higher in the Nutrient Agar medium. Based on evaluations of vegetative compatibility and hyphal fusion, the six isolates belong to the same anastomosis group

PARASITOIDES (HYMENOPTERA) DE MOSCAS-DAS-FRUTAS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) NO SEMIÁRIDO DO ESTADO DO CEARÁ, BRASIL

RESUMO As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae), Anastrepha spp. e Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), são importantes pragas da fruticultura no Brasil. Para desenvolver um sistema sustentável de manejo integrado para este grupo de pragas, é fundamental conhecer os parasitoides (Hymenoptera) que podem regular as populações destes tefritídeos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a diversidade, a distribuição geográfica e as relações tritróficas dos himenópteros parasitoides de moscas-das-frutas, na região do Baixo Jaguaribe, no semiárido do Estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foram realizadas coletas de frutos em sete municípios da região, no período de maio de 2010 amaio de 2013. Os frutos foram levados para o laboratório, onde foram contados, pesados, colocados em bandejas plásticas com vermiculita e fechadas com tecido voile. Após sete dias, a vermiculita foi peneirada para a obtenção dos pupários das moscas-das-frutas que, em seguida, foram contados e acondicionados em placas de Petri, onde permaneceram até a emergência dos adultos (moscas e/ou parasitoides). Quatro espécies de parasitoides foram encontradas: Doryctobracon areolatus(Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, Utetes anastrephae(Viereck) (Braconidae) e Tetrastichus giffardianusSilvestri (Eulophidae),sendo o mais frequente e com maior distribuição geográfica na região, D. areolatus. Doryctobracon areolatusfoi mais comum em associação com espécies de Anastrepha - A. sororcula Zucchi, A. obliqua (Mcquart) e A. zenildae Zucchi, em frutos nativos e com C. capitata em frutos exóticos. Tetrastichus giffardianus foi obtido apenas em associação com C. capitata, em frutos nativos e exóticos. Estas informações podem servir de base para inserção de parasitoides em futuros programas de manejo integrado de moscas-das-frutas, nas condições do Semiárido brasileiro