Aqua mater: a vueltas con el teónimo Betatun

La aparición en el entorno del santuario tardoibérico de Las Atalayuelas (Fuerte del Rey - Torredelcampo, Jaén) de una inscripción en la que se documenta el teónimo ibérico Betatun abre nuevas perspectivas en el estudio de la religión ibérica. Con el presente artículo intentamos demostrar que en el nombre de la divinidad está implícito un elemento común que lo relacionaría con una serie de topónimos e hidrónimos, tanto antiguos como modernos, y que no es otro que el agua. The finding of an inscription containing the Iberian theonym Betatun in the surrounding area of the Late Iberian sanctuary in Las Atalayuelas site (Fuerte del Rey - Torredelcampo, Jaén) opens up new perspectives for the study of Iberian religion. In this paper we try to demonstrate that in the name of the divinity is implicit a common element that would relate it to several toponyms and hydronyms, both ancient and modern, and this is water

Overview of Neutrino–Nucleus Interactions

Neutrino–nucleus reactions are surveyed. The approximations usually made are identified and a comparison to the corresponding electron–nucleus processes is presented. Impulse Approximation (IA), factorization of the cross-section and scaling approaches (SA) to lepton–nucleus scattering are examined in detail

Overview of neutrino-nucleus quasielastic scattering

A review of quasielastic neutrino-nucleus scattering will be presented, with emphasis on bringing together the knowledge (and language) of neutrino physics, electron scattering, and nuclear structure communities. Assumptions commonly made which simplify the theoretical calculations will be examined. Finally, an attempt will be made to identify places where improvement from either theoretical or experimental sides would be more significant.Dirección General de Investigación (DGI). España FPA2007-62216, FIS2008-04189 y FPA2006-13807-C02-01Spanish Consolider-Ingenio programme CPAN CSD2007-0004

Física en la enseñanza secundaria : qué trabajo experimental?

En las dos últimas décadas, han surgido diversas propuestas enfocadas a mejorar la contribución del TE en el aprendizaje de los alumnos, y sugieren, que éste tenga un carácter de actividad de resolución de problemas, donde el alumno desempeñe un papel central tanto en la planificación como en la ejecución ejecución Los resultados presentados se basen en una investigación con alumnos de Física y Química de la Enseñanza Secundaria de dos escuelas portuguesas. Se hace una comparación entre las características del TE implementado en las aulas de estos alumnos y las características de TE que, en su opinión, favorecerían el aprendizaje

Analysis of polarized 16O(e→,e′p→) observables within the relativistic distorted wave impulse approximation

15 págs.; 9 figs. ; PACS number(s): 25.30.Rw, 14.20.Gk, 24.10.Jv, 24.30.GdRecoil nucleon transferred polarization observables in coincidence quasielastic electron scattering are studied within the relativistic distorted wave impulse approximation. Results for response functions and polarization asymmetries are discussed for proton knockout from p1/2, p 3/2, and s1/2 shells in 16O. The impact of spinor distortion is examined by comparing the fully relativistic calculation with results obtained by projecting out the negative-energy components. In particular, a careful analysis of effects linked to the description of the bound and scattered relativistic nucleon wave functions is presented. The high sensitivity of some polarization observables to the dynamical enhancement of the lower components, already shown within the relativistic plane wave impulse approximation, is proven to be maintained in the relativistic distorted wave approach. Semi-relativistic approaches based on the effective momentum approximation are also studied. Finally, comparison with experimental data and a brief analysis of effects linked to medium modified form factors is presented. ©2004 American Physical SocietyThis work was partially supported by funds provided by DGI (Spain) and FEDER funds, under Contract Nos. BFM2002-03315, BFM2002-03562, FPA2002-04181-C04- 04, and BFM2000-0600 and by the Junta de Andalucía (Spain) and in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Cooperative Research Agreement No. DE-FC02- 94ER40818. M.C.M. and J.R.V. acknowledge financial support from the Fundación Cámara (University of Sevilla) and the Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Madrid, respectivelyPeer Reviewe

Antioxidant and antimicrobial peptide fractions from squid and tuna skin gelatin

27 páginas, 4 figuras, 4 tablas.Gelatin extracted from tuna skins and giant squid tunics were hydrolysed with Alcalase at 50ºC for 3h. Two peptide fractions (1-10K and ≤1K) were obtained from each gelatin hydrolysate by subjecting them to centrifugal ultrafiltration using successively a 10 kDa and a 1 kDa membrane. The peptide fractions were characterized in terms of amino acid composition and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties were tested according to the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay and the radical scavenging capacity (ABTS) assay. A disk diffusion test was performed to test antimicrobial action against a panel of Gram-positive and Gramnegative pathogenic and fish spoilage-associated microorganisms. Although antioxidant and antimicrobial properties could be detected in all tested peptide fractions, the lowermost molecular weight fraction from squid hydrolysate presented the highest reducing and radical scavenging capacities, whereas microbial growth inhibition was found to be specifically related to the type of microorganism.This study was supported by the Spanish “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (project AGL2005-02380/ALI and AGL2008-02135/ALI).Peer reviewe

Relativistic effects in two-particle emission for electron and neutrino reactions

Two-particle two-hole contributions to electroweak response functions are computed in a fully relativistic Fermi gas, assuming that the electroweak current matrix elements are independent of the kinematics. We analyze the genuine kinematical and relativistic effects before including a realistic meson-exchange current operator. This allows one to study the mathematical properties of the nontrivial seven-dimensional integrals appearing in the calculation and to design an optimal numerical procedure to reduce the computation time. This is required for practical applications to charged-current neutrino scattering experiments, in which an additional integral over the neutrino flux is performed. Finally, we examine the viability of this model to compute the electroweak two-particle–two-hole response functions.DGI FIS2011-24149 FIS2011-28738-C02-01Junta de Andalucía FQM-225 FQM-160U.S. Department of Energy DE-FC02-94ER4081

Identification and analysis of seven effector protein families with different adaptive and evolutionary histories in plant-associated members of the Xanthomonadaceae.

The Xanthomonadaceae family consists of species of non-pathogenic and pathogenic γ-proteobacteria that infect different hosts, including humans and plants. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis using 69 fully sequenced genomes belonging to this family, with a focus on identifying proteins enriched in phytopathogens that could explain the lifestyle and the ability to infect plants. Using a computational approach, we identified seven phytopathogen-enriched protein families putatively secreted by type II secretory system: PheA (CM-sec), LipA/LesA, VirK, and four families involved in N-glycan degradation, NixE, NixF, NixL, and FucA1. In silico and phylogenetic analyses of these protein families revealed they all have orthologs in other phytopathogenic or symbiotic bacteria, and are involved in the modulation and evasion of the immune system. As a proof of concept, we performed a biochemical characterization of LipA from Xac306 and verified that the mutant strain lost most of its lipase and esterase activities and displayed reduced virulence in citrus. Since this study includes closely related organisms with distinct lifestyles and highlights proteins directly related to adaptation inside plant tissues, novel approaches might use these proteins as biotechnological targets for disease control, and contribute to our understanding of the coevolution of plant-associated bacteria

(3R,8aS)-3-Ethyl­perhydro­pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione

In the title compound, C9H14N2O2, the pyrrolidine and piperazine rings adopt envelope and boat conformations, respectively. The chiral centers were assigned on the basis of the known stereogenic center of an enanti­omerically pure starting material and the trans relationship between the H atoms attached to these centers. The crystal packing is stabilized by an inter­molecular hydrogen bond between the N—H group and a carbonyl O atom of the diketopiperazine group, forming zigzag C(5) chains along [010]