Análisis de las interacciones entre cantidad y calidad en la consecución del buen estado de las aguas continentales del Tajo Medio según la Directiva Marco del Agua

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, leída el 11-12-2020La presente Tesis trata de contribuir a la mejora de la calidad de las aguas del Tajo Medio aportando un mayor entendimiento sobre las relaciones entre las distintas presiones y el estado de las aguas, así como los mecanismos disponibles en la legislación para implementar las mejoras requeridas. Todo ello desde una perspectiva integradora, que incluya tanto los aspectos tecnológicos como los legislativos y competenciales. En una primera instancia, más que buscar respuestas se ha intentado plantear las preguntas adecuadas. A partir de un genérico ¿qué debe cambiar para conseguir una buena calidad de las aguas del área de estudio? se ha empezado por preguntar ¿cuáles son los contaminantes que incumplen los límites establecidos y qué herramientas legislativas podrían aplicarse para limitar su presencia?...This PhD Dissertation aims at contributing to the improvement of the water quality of the Middle Tagus river by exploring the relationship between the different pressures and the status of the receiving waters, as well as the mechanisms available in the legislation to implement the required improvements. This contribution is made through a holistic approach, which includes technological, legislative and administrative attribution aspects.To begin with, rather than looking for answers, the focus was set to ask the right questions. From a generic “what must change to achieve good water quality in the study area?” the question derived to asking “which are the pollutants that do not comply with the established limits and what legislative tools could be applied to limit their presence?”..Fac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEunpu

A methodological approach for prioritizing water reuse projects in agricultural irrigation: a case study in Spain

Water reuse is a strategic priority for Water Authorities in Europe to reduce the pressure on water resources. However, its implementation is lagging behind expectations largely due to financial concerns. In this context, there is a special interest to identify in which specific Wastewater Treatment Plants it would be interesting to add a Water Regeneration Plant, taking account of potential existing clients in the vicinity and the implied costs and benefits. This paper proposes a methodology to quantify the infrastructure and operation costs of project implementation, and the benefits generated by the additional water offer. An algorithm designs the distribution network, allowing for a quick infrastructure cost analysis. The methodology is applied to the Upper Guadiana in Central Spain, where irrigation led to the overexploitation of the local aquifers and the subsequent restrictions on water use. Taking account of the existing Wastewater Treatment Plants, candidate reuse projects are classified according to their benefit/cost ratio, showing large differences according to the location and potential use of the regenerated water. The methodology allows for a quick assessment of the costs and benefits implied in different reuse projects and scenarios, providing science-based evidence to support water policy decisions

Alfalfa crops amended with MSW compost can compensate the effect of salty water irrigation depending on the soil texture.

The availability of water resources of marginal quality such as drainage water or high-saltcontaining groundwater is turning into an important issue in Tunisia and other countrieswith scarce water resources. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate plant produc-tion, nutrient content and heavy metal bioaccumulation in agricultural soils amended withMSW compost and irrigated with salty water, by using two different soil textures (clay andsandy). Salt water supply decreased plant dry yield in both soils. Salt stress had signifi-cantly reduction in plant biomass in sandy soil compared to those in clay soil (biomass ofdry weight is significantly higher in clay soil than those in sandy soil in presence of salt:percentage of growth compared to control was 55% for clay soil and 45% for sandy soil).The application of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Compost increased significantly alfalfaproductivity in both soils (Dry weight is significantly higher in presence of compost: 140%for clay soil and 125% for sandy soil). In non-amended soil, the growth was reduced signifi-cantly by salt stress (50% in clay soil, 26% in sandy compared to the soils without salty waterapplication). Plants irrigated with salty water accumulated much more sodium on sandysoil (1.74 mmol g−1) than on clay one (0.87 mmol g−1DW). Compost did not reduce sodiumaccumulation in aerial parts on sandy soil, whereas it slightly reduced it in those grownon clay soil. Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations showedthe same trend for both soil types. They increased statistically significant by salinity to124-189%, the highest rise was found in Cu concentration on clay soil. The order of metaluptake was: Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. A higher significant shoot accumulation of heavy metals (upto 305% of the control) was noticed in the presence of compost with no difference betweensalt-treated and non-treated. MSW compost amendment caused an increase of the studiedheavy metals in alfalfa shoots grown that was higher on sandy soils than clay soils. Heavymetals in plants remained lower than phytotoxic level and these level of accumulation did not restrain the enhancement of alfalfa yield. MSW compost at 40 t ha−1was convinent todo not attend phytotoxic level. These results suggest that MSW compost compensates, atleast partially, the negative effect of salinity on plant growth and nutrient uptake and thatit is important to know soil texture to apply compost to remediate salty degraded soils.© 2017 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Exploring the influence of vegetation cover, sediment storage capacity and channel dimensions on stone check dam conditions and effectiveness in a large regulated river in México

Check dams are widely used for soil conservation at the watershed scale. When structurally sound, these engineering control works retain sediment as planned. However, there is limited information describing the influence of site characteristics on post-construction condition including structural stability and sediment retention capacity. More specifically, the effects of channel morphology, check dam geometry and vegetation characteristics as potentially influencing factors on sediment retention capacity at the watershed level are poorly understood. Thus, an investigation applying field and remotely sensed measurements, multi-regression models, redundancy and sensitivity analysis, and correlation analysis was conducted in a Mexican watershed where the characteristics of 273 check dams were evaluated 3-5 years after construction. Vegetation cover and dimensions of the channel were found to be the most important factors influencing check dam fate. Taller structures experienced the greatest failure risk, in contrast to lower and wider structures and associated vegetation cover that retained long and wide sediment wedges, which helped to stabilise the check dams. The potential sediment storage capacity of the check dams mainly depends on the downstream height of the structure, but also on the vegetation cover near the structure walls; check dams constructed across a range of channel dimensions are able to effectively store sediment. Overall, this study provides a quantitative evaluation of the dominant factors influencing the post-construction conditions of check dams and their ability to store sediment, and thus provides land managers insights into the best strategies for soil conservation at the watershed scale using check dams

Los juegos del agua: el desafío de la gestión de las aguas subterráneas

El juego tiene una duración aproximada de 2,5 horas y ayuda a despertar el interés del alumnado sobre los retos del uso y gestión de las aguas subterráneas, haciéndoles por tanto receptivos a los contenidos teóricos relacionados que se explican en las clases siguientes (medidas de gestión del agua, normativa, etc.)

Short-term changes in infiltration between straw mulched and non-mulched soils after wildfire in Mediterranean forest ecosystems

Water infiltration is a basic parameter to understand the hydrological response of semi-arid or arid soils - where runoff generation is dominated by infiltration-excess - subjected to wildfire. To evaluate the hydrological effects of straw application on a sandy loam soil after wildfire, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, water content and temperature of mulched and nonmulched (considered as control) soils were monitored throughout eight months. Compared to untreated soils, straw maintained higher temperatures and water contents in mulched plots, but reduced their unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, particularly in the drier season. These results suggest that straw release may lead to a decrease of water infiltration capacity of soils subjected to wildfire, with particular evidence in summer in the case of heavy storm occurrence

Assessment of the attention processes in patients with anxiety-depressive disorders through virtual reality

The purpose of this study is to characterize the attention deficits in a sample in these 2 types of clinical profiles through a continuous execution test in virtual reality. Methods: A total of 115 participants were recruited by consecutive sampling. The experimental sample was collected from patients diagnosed with depression and anxiety. The three tests that have been used for this study are Nesplora Aquarium, BDI and STAI. Results: Here, we show that significant differences (CI = 95%) can be seen between the control group and the group with depression in the variables related to the speed of visual processing (V_correctreactime_mean, p = 0.008) in the absence of distractors (S_correctreactime_mean, p = 0.041) and during the first dual execution task (XnoDUALab_correctreactime_mean, p = 0.011). Unlike in the clinical depression group, no significant differences were observed in any of the variables related to the processing speed of patients with anxiety disorders, compared to control subjects. If significant differences (CI = 95%) can be seen between the control group and the anxiety group in all variables related to the level of attentional arousal, that would indicate a lower performance of the clinical group with anxiety in this function. Both patients with depression and anxiety did not differ from controls in scores related to sustained attention. Conclusions: Therefore, our results suggest that attentional deficits are present in both clinical populations when performing a continuous execution test with dual execution components that involve the participation of the central executive system of working memory.  Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Current state of reclaimed water reuse for irrigation in selected case studies in Spain

This report is dedicated to presenting the current state of water reuse in selected case studies in Spain. It corresponds with D1.1-Part II ‘Baseline report on the current state of reclaimed water reuse for irrigation in selected case studies’ and D3.1 ‘Model database’. The first part of D1.1 ‘Baseline report on the current state of reclaimed water reuse for irrigation in Spain’ (D1.1-Part I) is presented in a separate report. This report is based on information compiled from various public databases, mainly the different River Basin Authorities and the Spanish Ministry of Environment (currently called ‘Ministry for the Ecological Transtition and the Demographic challenge), and fieldworks carried out in the context of the RECLAMO Project. In March 2021, the UPM research team held a virtual meeting with representatives of the Irrigation Community of Campo de Cartagena to collect information and exchange ideas about water reuse in the region. Later, in April 2021, the UPM research team visited the Irrigation Community ‘Los Auriles’ (https://ceigram.upm.es/noticia/visita-de-investigadores-del-ceigram-a-los-auriles-en-el- marco-del-proyecto-reclamo/) and collected valuable information for modeling purposes

Designing river water quality policy interventions with scarce data: the case of the Middle Tagus Basin, Spain

[EN] Anthropic pressures deteriorate river water quality, so authorities need to identify their causes and define corrective actions. Physically based water quality models are a useful tool for addressing physicochemical pollutants, but they must be calibrated with an amount of data that is often unavailable. In this study, we explore the characterization of a model to design corrective interventions in a context of sparse data. A calibration indicator that is both simple and flexible is proposed. This approach is applied to the Middle Tagus Basin in central Spain, where the physicochemical concentration of pollutants is above legal standards. We quantify the effects of the main existing pressures (discharge from wastewater treatment plants, agricultural diffuse pollution and a major inter-basin water transfer) on the receiving waters. 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