Chagas disease control-surveillance in the americas: The multinational initiatives and the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne trypanosoma cruzi transmission

Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives’ aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.Fil: Rojas de Arias, Antonieta. Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica; ParaguayFil: Monroy, Carlota. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (univ. de San C. de Guatemala);Fil: Guhl, Felipe. Universidad de los Andes; ColombiaFil: Sosa-Estani, Sergio Alejandro. Drugs For Neglected Diseases Initiative; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Santos, Walter Souza. Ministério da Saúde; BrasilFil: Abad Franch, Fernando. Universidade do Brasília; Brasi

Estudio de Fiebre Amarilla en primates en áreas de brote de los departamentos de San Pedro y Central del Paraguay

La Fiebre Amarilla (FA) es una de las más importantes zoonosis que afecta a poblaciones humanas. La FA silvestre es imposible de ser erradicada, manteniéndose activa en zonas tropicales en África y Sudamérica. Todas las especies de primates son susceptibles y se consideran reservorios en el medio silvestre. La mortalidad es baja, se desconoce su valor con precisión, sin embargo existen epizootias con alta mortalidad, en humanos varía entre 20-50%. El objetivo de este trabajo fue buscar evidencias de FA en primates capturados en áreas de brote de FA de los departamentos de San Pedro y Central del Paraguay mediante la técnica de Neutralización por reducción de placas para FA cepa vacunal 17 D. Los resultados en los 35 primates estudiados fueron negativos, quizás por lo tardío del momento en la toma de muestras y bajo número de primates capturados

Cuerpo ausente, presencia contundente. Un campo de girasoles para Merysol León

CONTENIDO Editorial Alzuru, Pedro y Navia, Mauricio La vida es la obra en Armando Reverón en el fantasmuseomagicotecnopagano. Zerpa, Carlos El artista y la guerra: aproximación a un boceto. Alzuru Aponte, Jonatan La lucha de lo efímero en busca de la verdad. Dal Pozzo, Nataly Discurso en tres fases: vida, pasión y muerte. Grisolía, Carmen Virginia Tensiones creadoras, tensiones agonísticas: por una estética de la polis. Hurtado Malpica, Rafael Otro objeto, otra guerra. Rodríguez Briceño, Ondina Ciberguerra y otras formas raras de vida de la cultura digital a lo digitalizado universal. Morales, Luvin Debilitar la religión y la política. Alzuru, Pedro De la acción como otra forma de batalla. León, Merysol Artista y la guerra. Navia, Mauricio Conflicto en la percepción: las modalidades de percepción del arte indígena de la costa noroccidental de norteamérica y sus amplicaciones estéticas. Chacón Ramírez, José Luis Arquitectura y literatura en John Hejduk. Garrido Silvestre, Diana Miguel Hernández: una mística social se levanta. Bracho, Luís Alberto Visiones de la guerra: Venezuela siglos XIX y XX. Morales Maita, Esther ¿Pólemos o seducción?. D'Arago, Theowald Wall y la charla de la muerte. Cuesta, Sandra De Penélope a Alexander McQueen: la imagen y las metáforas de guerra en la moda. Castillo, Angélica Máquinas de guerra, máquinas cinematográficas. Manggieri, Rocco La incómoda pregunta por la comunidad ¿quiénes somos "nosotros"?. Lanz, Rigoberto Seminario Nacional "Homenaje a Merysol León" Instal'acción. Navia, Mauricio Cuerpo ausente, presencia contundente. Un campo de girasoles para Merysol León. Sosa, Antonieta S/T. Rodríguez, Albeley El arte y la vida. Cárdenas, Camilche Merysol, una existencia en función al arte. Chalbaud, Irlanda "Instala'acciones". Homenaje Nacional a Merysol León. Seminario. Un Happening de los '60 en los '90. Urbina, Neida De instalaciones. Merysol León: acción y transgresión del cuerpo. De los Reyes, David Sin título. D'Arago, Theowald Merysol León: inter (in) vención de la ciudad. Morales Maita, Esther Una performance católica. Alzuru, Pedro El performance no es teatro esa es la premisa. Zerpa, Carlos Dossier textos Merysol León Acciones de formación en historia del arte. León, Merysol Territorios del arte accional o una delimitación abierta para hoy. León, Merysol Una propuesta accional en los '90. León, Merysol Art parade en Berlín. León, Merysol ¿Crítica de la acción? León, Merysol Intervención urbana. Mérida en los '50. León, Merysol Sobre las colecciones. León, Merysol Fin de la performance León, Merysol Publicaciones CIE Investigación estética sobre la obra de arte y su relación con el sentimiento de lo sublime Navia, Mauricio111 - 115Nivel analíticosemestra

Diapositivas Elaboradas para la Asignación de Química 1

Material Didáctico

Reactivos de Evaluación Correspondiente a la Asignatura de Química

Material Didáctico

Objects seen as scenes:Neural circuitry for attending whole or parts

Depending on our goals, we pay attention to the global shape of an object or to the local shape of its parts, since it's difficult to do both at once. This typically effortless process can be impaired in disease. However, it is not clear which cortical regions carry the information needed to constrain shape processing to a chosen global/local level. Here, novel stimuli were used to dissociate functional MRI responses to global and local shapes. This allowed identification of cortical regions containing information about level (independent from shape). Crucially, these regions overlapped part of the cortical network implicated in scene processing. As expected, shape information (independent of level) was mainly located in category-selective areas specialized for object- and face-processing. Regions with the same informational profile were strongly linked (as measured by functional connectivity), but were weak when the profiles diverged. Specifically, in the ventral-temporal-cortex (VTC) regions favoring level and shape were consistently separated by the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS). These regions also had limited crosstalk despite their spatial proximity, thus defining two functional pathways within VTC. We hypothesize that object hierarchical level is processed by neural circuitry that also analyses spatial layout in scenes, contributing to the control of the spatial-scale used for shape recognition. Use of level information tolerant to shape changes could guide whole/part attentional selection but facilitate illusory shape/level conjunctions under impoverished vision

Estimating Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis Based on Feeding Practices

(1) Background: The relationship between enteral nutrition and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among premature neonates is still unclear. The present work was designed to assess the relationship between NEC and feeding strategies compared to control infants. (2) Methods: A retrospective case-control study of premature infants (<35 weeks’ gestation) with or without NEC that examined feeding practices and clinical characteristics at birth and 3, 7, and 14-day hospitalization, with a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. (3) Results: A total of 100 newborns with NEC diagnosis and 92 neonates without the disease with similar demographic and clinical characteristics were included. The median day of NEC diagnosis was 15 days (Interquartile Range (IQR) 5–25 days). A significantly higher number of neonates that were fasting on days 7 and 14 developed NEC (p < 0.05). In the longitudinal analysis, generalized linear and mixed models were fit to evaluate NEC association with feeding strategies and showed that exclusive mother’s own milk (MM) and fortified human milk (FHM) across time were significantly less likely associated with NEC (p < 0.001) and that enteral fasting was positively related with NEC. In the cross-sectional analysis, a binary logistic regression model was fit and predicted 80.7% of NEC cases. MM was also found to correlate with a reduced risk for NEC (OR 0.148, 95% CI 0.044–0.05, p = 0.02), and in particular, on day 14, several factors were related to a decreased odd for NEC, including birth weight, antenatal steroids, and the use of FHM (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: MM and FHM were associated with less NEC compared to fasting on days 7 and 14. Feeding practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) should promote exclusive MM across the two-week critical period as a potential guideline to improve NEC outcome