Perzistentni, bioakumulativni i toksični spojevi u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe - kritična mjesta

The sources and environmental levels of the PBTs in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are broadly described. Most of the countries in the region produce and/or formulate pesticides. The pesticide registration is a primary requirement for import, production and distribution. The special attention must be given to unwanted pesticides. The problem of unwanted and expired pesticides pose the greatest danger to the natural environment and people which is brought about by the use of chemicals in agriculture in CEE countries. Countries still have not solve the problem of safety storage for PBTs and other chemicals classified as poisons and they have no special sites or facilities for destruction of these chemicals. This region has very specific problems of environmental pollution, which are the results of the recent wars. Destruction of industrial facilities and spilling of chemicals have the worst effect for the environment (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro).U radu su iscrpno opisani izvori i razine u okolišu perzistentnih bioakumulativnih i toksičnih spojeva (PBTs) u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe. U većini zemalja te regije proizvode se i/ili formuliraju pesticidi. Registracija pesticida osnovni je uvjet za uvoz, proizvodnju i distribuciju. Posebna pozornost mora se posvetiti nepoželjnim pesticidima. Nepoželjni pesticidi i oni kojima je istekao rok upotrebe najveća su opasnost za okoliš i ljude, uzrokovana primjenom kemijskih sredstava u poljoprivredi u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe. U većini zemalja još nije riješen problem sigurnosti skladištenja PBTs-a i ostalih kemikalija klasificiranih kao otrovi, a također nema posebnih mjesta ni ure|aja za uništavanje takvih kemikalija. Ova regija ima i specifičan problem onečišćenja okoliša kao posljedicu nedavnog rata. Razaranje industrijskih postrojenja i rasipanje kemikalija ima najgori učinak na okoliš (Bosna i Hercegovina, Hrvatska, Srbija i Makedonija)

Perzistentni, bioakumulativni i toksični spojevi u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe - najsuvremeniji izvještaj - izloženost ljudi

This review describes problems with persistent and bioaccumulative organic substances which posses toxic characteristics likely to cause adverse human health or environmental effects in countries of Central and Eastern Europe as far as human exposure is concerned. This paper is a part of a more detailed report on the subject.Ovaj pregledni rad dio je opsežna izvještaja koji opisuje probleme vezane uz perzistentne, bioakumulativne i toksične spojeve (PBT) u srednjoj i istočnoj Europi. Opisani su problemi izloženosti ljudi u zemljama srednje i istočne Europe perzistentnim i bioakumulativnim organskim spojevima koji imaju toksična svojstva, a koji mogu uzrokovati nepovoljne učinke na zdravlje ljudi

Impact of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contamination on Estrogenic Activity in Human Male Serum

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are thought to cause numerous adverse health effects, but their impact on estrogen signaling is still not fully understood. In the present study, we used the ER-CALUX bioassay to determine estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities of the prevalent PCB congeners and PCB mixtures isolated from human male serum. The samples were collected from residents of an area with an extensive environmental contamination from a former PCB production site as well as from a neighboring background region in eastern Slovakia. We found that the lower-chlorinated PCBs were estrogenic, whereas the prevalent higher-chlorinated PCB congeners 138, 153, 170, 180, 187, 194, 199, and 203, as well as major PCB metabolites, behaved as anti-estrogens. Coplanar PCBs had no direct effect on estrogen receptor (ER) activation in this in vitro model. In human male serum samples, high levels of PCBs were associated with a decreased ER-mediated activity and an increased dioxin-like activity, as determined by the DR-CALUX assay. 17β-Estradiol (E(2)) was responsible for a major part of estrogenic activity identified in total serum extracts. Significant negative correlations were found between dioxin-like activity, as well as mRNA levels of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 in lymphocytes, and total estrogenic activity. For sample fractions containing only persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the increased frequency of anti-estrogenic samples was associated with a higher sum of PCBs. This suggests that the prevalent non-dioxin-like PCBs were responsible for the weak antiestrogenic activity of some POPs fractions. Our data also suggest that it might be important to pay attention to direct effects of PCBs on steroid hormone levels in heavily exposed subjects

Bank fees as customer relationship management

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá bankovními poplatky za běžně využívané bankovní služby a produkty. Porovnává bankovní poplatky čtyř bank působících na Slovenském bankovním trhu. Přidanou hodnotou mé práce je seznámení se s běžnými bankovními poplatky a jejich porovnání mezi jednotlivými bankami. Segmentace bankovního trhu podle typů klientů. Cílem práce je zjistit, jakou roli hrají běžné bankovní poplatky při řízení vztahů se zákazníky v Slovenských bankách. V práci jsou porovnávány jednotlivé běžné bankovní poplatky, CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systémy používané v jednotlivých bankách, zpracované vlastní dotazníkové šetření, které vypovídá o preferencích klientu ve Slovenských bankách a v neposlední řadě výpovědi banky na její způsoby a praktiky při zjišťování spokojenosti zákazníků.This bachelor thesis focuses on frequent bank fees for bank products and services, which are used by bank clients. It compares frequent bank fees in four banks that operate on the Slovak market. Added value of this bachelor thesis is acquaint with frequent bank fees and compare them with others banks. Goal of this final work paper is to find, what role have frequent bank fees for customer relationship management in Slovak banks. This final paper work compares individual frequent bank fees, CRM (Customer Relationship Management) software used in single banks, questionnaire own executed, which tells the clients' preferences in Slovak banks and last but not least discourses made by banks which explains their techniques and practices used by them in customer relationship management.Táto bakalárska práca sa zaoberá bankovými poplatkami za bežne využívané bankové služby a produkty. Porovnáva bankové poplatky štyroch bánk pôsobiacich na Slovenskom bankovom trhu. Pridanou hodnotou mojej práce je oboznámenie sa s bežnými bankovými poplatkami a ich porovnanie medzi jednotlivými bankami. Segmentácia bankového trhu podľa typov klientov. Cieľom práce je zistiť, akú rolu hrajú bežné bankové poplatky pri riadení vzťahov so zákazníkmi v slovenských bankách. V práci sú porovnávané jednotlivé bežné bankové poplatky, CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systémy používané v jednotlivých bankách, spracované vlastné dotazníkové šetrenie, ktoré vypovedá o preferenciách klientov slovenských bánk a v neposlednom rade výpovede banky na jej spôsoby a praktiky pri zisťovaní spokojnosti zákazníkov

Analysis of marketing communication Mattoni in conjunction with RunCzech

This thesis elaborates and suggests marketing communication activities of the project Mattoni FreeRun. The activities to be used in the project are also accompanied by suggestions and improvements, which may inspire the project management to communicate ideas. The main idea of the project is to activate Mattoni FreeRun runners together with the brand, which aims to combine running and water Mattoni in one indivisible community, which will be perceived among runners and will long continue in their minds. Project Mattoni FreeRun will try to point out through selected activities mutual and almost integral connection between running and water in daily active, but also ordinary people's lives. The main thrust of the project Mattoni FreeRun is for its existence with its partners (RunCzech, Addidas) and some people, the so-called "ambassadors" to create a running community that will spread the idea between themselves and the general public

Dioxins and Dioxin-like PCBs in Food of Animal Origin in the Slovak Republic

In 2001–2010, 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs were monitored in 398 food samples of animal origin and 158 mother’s milk samples coming from the Slovak Republic. 130 out of the food samples were acquired at small family farms (SFFs). SSF animals were usually kept in fenced backyards, grazed and fed with local feed. Food from such animals was not placed on the market and was ordinarily consumed by the farmer’s family only. The remaining food samples originated from animals raised at bigger farms (farmed animals) or directly from the Slovak food market. Game samples analysis gave information also on the contamination of the local environment. Regular food monitoring according to Commission Recommendation No. 2006/794/EC has been conducted since 2007. The results have shown that food from farmed animals contained often markedly lower PCDD/F and/or dl-PCB concentrations than those from SFFs. All the below mentioned mean values represent the geometric means of total WHO1998PCDD/F/dlPCB-TEQ values per gram of lipids determined in individual samples

Early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (OCPs, PBDEs, PCBs, PFASs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multi-pollutant analysis of a Norwegian birth cohort

Background: Numerous ubiquitous environmental chemicals are established or suspected neurotoxicants, and infants are exposed to a mixture of these during the critical period of brain maturation. However, evidence for associations with the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is sparse. We investigated early-life chemical exposures in relation to ADHD. Methods: We used a birth cohort of 2606 Norwegian mother–child pairs enrolled 2002–2009 (HUMIS), and studied a subset of 1199 pairs oversampled for child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Concentrations of 27 persistent organic pollutants (14 polychlorinated biphenyls, 5 organochlorine pesticides, 6 brominated flame retardants, and 2 perfluoroalkyl substances) were measured in breast milk, reflecting the child's early-life exposures. We estimated postnatal exposures in the first 2 years of life using a pharmacokinetic model. Fifty-five children had a clinical diagnosis of ADHD (hyperkinetic disorder) by 2016, at a median age of 13 years. We used elastic net penalized logistic regression models to identify associations while adjusting for co-exposure confounding, and subsequently used multivariable logistic regression models to obtain effect estimates for the selected exposures. Results: Breast milk concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and β‑hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) were associated with increased odds of ADHD: odds ratio (OR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.72 and OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.53, per interquartile range increase in ln-transformed concentrations, respectively. Stronger associations were observed among girls than boys for PFOS (p interaction = 0.025). p,p′‑Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) levels were associated with lower odds of ADHD (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.97). Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) had a non-linear association with ADHD, with increasing risk in the low-level exposure range that switched to a decreasing risk at concentrations above 8 ng/g lipid. Postnatal exposures showed similar results, whereas effect estimates for other chemicals were weaker and imprecise. Conclusions: In a multi-pollutant analysis of four classes of chemicals, early-life exposure to β-HCH and PFOS was associated with increased risk of ADHD, with suggestion of sex-specific effects for PFOS. The unexpected inverse associations between p,p′-DDT and higher HCB levels and ADHD could be due to live birth bias; alternatively, results may be due to chance findings

Metodika stanovení polychlorovaných dibenzo-p-dioxinů a dibenzofuranů (PCDDs/Fs) ve volném ovzduší:Analýza PCDD a PCDF

Studie popisuje metody čištění extraktů s cílem izolovat PCDD a PCDF, kvalitativní a kvantitativní analýzu pomocí plynové chromatografie s hmotnostní spektrometrickou detekcí

Metodika stanovení polychlorovaných dibenzo-p-dioxinů a dibenzofuranů (PCDDs/Fs) ve volném ovzduší:Odběr a zpracování vzorků

Studie předkládá charakteristiku sledovaných látek a způsobu odběru vzorků a jejich extrakce