94 research outputs found
The Pareto principle of optimal inequality
inequality aversion, Pareto principle, uncertainty, time consistency
Who Wins and Who Loses? Public Transfer Accounts for US Generations Born 1850 to 2090
Public transfer programs in industrial nations have massive long term fiscal imbalances, and apparently permit the elderly to benefit through pension and health care programs at the cost of the young and future generations. However, the intergenerational picture is turned upside down when public education is included in generational accounts along with pensions and health care. We calculate the net present value (NPV) of benefits received minus taxes paid for US generations born 1850 to 2090, and find that all generations born from 1950 to 2050 are net gainers, while many of today's old people are net losers. Windfall gains for early generations when Social Security and Medicare started up partially offset windfall losses when public education was started, roughtly consistent with the Becker-Murphy theory.
Hospital mortality of adults admitted to Intensive Care Units in hospitals with and without Intermediate Care Units: a multicentre European cohort study.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess whether adults admitted to hospitals with both Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Intermediate Care Units (IMCU) have lower in-hospital mortality than those admitted to ICUs without an IMCU. METHODS: An observational multinational cohort study performed on patients admitted to participating ICUs during a four-week period. IMCU was defined as any physically and administratively independent unit open 24 hours a day, seven days a week providing a level of care lower than an ICU but higher than a ward. Characteristics of hospitals, ICUs and patients admitted to study ICUs were recorded. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality until hospital discharge (censored at 90 days). RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-seven ICUs from 17 European countries enrolled 5,834 patients. Overall, 1,113 (19.1%) patients died in the ICU and 1,397 died in hospital, with a total of 1,397 (23.9%) deaths. The illness severity was higher for patients in ICUs with an IMCU (median Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II: 37) than for patients in ICUs without an IMCU (median SAPS II: 29, P <0.001). After adjustment for patient characteristics at admission such as illness severity, and ICU and hospital characteristics, the odds ratio of mortality was 0.63 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.88, P = 0.007) in favour of the presence of IMCU. The protective effect of the IMCU was absent in patients who were admitted for basic observation, for example, after surgery (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.03, P = 0.630) but was strong in patients admitted to an ICU for other reasons (odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.80, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of an IMCU in the hospital is associated with significantly reduced adjusted hospital mortality for adults admitted to the ICU. This effect is relevant for the patients requiring full intensive treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01422070. Registered 19 August 2011
The pareto principle of optimal inequality
The Pareto principle is often viewed as a mild requirement compatible with a variety of value judgments. In particular, it is generally thought that it can accommodate different degrees of inequality aversion. We show that this is generally not true in time-consistent intertemporal models where some uncertainty prevails. © (2012) by the Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association
The Pareto Principle of Optimal Inequality
The Pareto principle is often viewed as a mild requirement compatible with a variety of value judgements. In particular, it is generally thought that it can accommodate different degress of inequality aversion. We show that this is generally not true in time consistent intertemporal models where some uncertainty prevails
The Pareto Principle of Optimal Inequality
The Pareto principle is often viewed as a mild requirement compatible with a variety of value judgements. In particular, it is generally thought that it can accommodate different degress of inequality aversion. We show that this is generally not true in time consistent intertemporal models where some uncertainty prevails.inequality aversion, Pareto principle, uncertainty
Models-as-usual for unusual risks? On the value of catastrophic climate change
International audienc
Who wins and who loses? Public transfer accounts for US generations born 1850 to 2090
International audiencePublic transfer programs in industrial nations are thought to benefit the elderly through pension and health care programs at the expense of the young and future generations. However, this intergenerational picture changes if public education is also considered as a transfer program. We calculate the net present value (NPV) of benefits received minus taxes paid for US generations born 1850 to 2090. Surprisingly, all generations 1950 to 2050 are net gainers, while many current elderly are losers. Windfall gains from starting Social Security and Medicare partially offset windfall losses from starting public education, roughly consistent with the Becker-Murphy theory
Le développement des transferts publics d'éducation et d'assurance vieillesse par génération en France : 1850-2000
On pense gĂ©nĂ©ralement que l'Ătat-providence redistribue les ressources vers les gĂ©nĂ©rations anciennes aux dĂ©pens des gĂ©nĂ©rations les plus jeunes. Cependant, cette opinion se fonde sur une vision partielle du systĂšme de transferts qui se focalise sur les dĂ©penses de vieillesse. Notre article montre que la prise en compte des transferts descendants d'Ă©ducation modifie le tableau de la redistribution intergĂ©nĂ©rationnelle. Les gĂ©nĂ©rations nĂ©es entre 1910 et 1920, qui ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© de la mise en place des systĂšmes de retraites, ont Ă©galement financĂ© substantiellement l'Ă©ducation de leurs enfants. Les gĂ©nĂ©rations nĂ©es entre 1990 et 2000 vont payer d'importants transferts ascendants Ă leurs parents mais elles reçoivent un transfert Ă©ducatif du mĂȘme ordre. Au final, les gĂ©nĂ©rations nĂ©es entre 1950 et 1960 sont les plus mal loties, mais leurs pertes restent mesurĂ©es
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