Electrophysiological characterization of store-operated and agonist-induced Ca2+ entry pathways in endothelial cells

In endothelial cells, agonist-induced Ca2+ entry takes place via the store-operated Ca2+ entry pathway and/or via channel(s) gated by second messengers. As cell stimulation leads to both a partial Ca2+ store depletion as well as the production of second messengers, these two pathways are problematic to distinguish. We showed that passive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depletion by thapsigargin or cell stimulation by histamine activated a similar Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ current (CRAC)-like current when 10mM Ba2+/2mM Ca2+ was present in the extracellular solution. Importantly, during voltage clamp recordings, histamine stimulation largely depleted the ER Ca2+ store, explaining the activation of a CRAC-like current (due to store depletion) upon histamine in Ba2+ medium. On the contrary, in the presence of 10mM Ca2+, the ER Ca2+ content remained elevated, and histamine induced an outward rectifying current that was inhibited by Ni2+ and KB-R7943, two blockers of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Both blockers also reduced histamine-induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevation. In addition, removing extracellular Na+ increased the current amplitude which is in line with a current supported by the NCX. These data are consistent with the involvement of the NCX working in reverse mode (Na+ out/Ca2+ in) during agonist-induced Ca2+ entry in endothelial cell

CFTR and Ca2+ Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis

Among the diverse physiological functions exerted by calcium signaling in living cells, its role in the regulation of protein biogenesis and trafficking remains incompletely understood. In cystic fibrosis (CF) disease the most common CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation, F508del-CFTR generates a misprocessed protein that is abnormally retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartment, rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and hence absent at the plasma membrane of CF epithelial cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that intracellular calcium signals consequent to activation of apical G-protein-coupled receptors by different agonists are increased in CF airway epithelia. Moreover, the regulation of various intracellular calcium storage compartments, such as ER is also abnormal in CF cells. Although the molecular mechanism at the origin of this increase remains puzzling in epithelial cells, the F508del-CFTR mutation is proposed to be the onset of abnormal Ca2+ influx linking the calcium signaling to CFTR pathobiology. This article reviews the relationships between CFTR and calcium signaling in the context of the genetic disease CF

TASK-1 (KCNK3) channels in the lung: from cell biology to clinical implications

TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel 1 (TASK-1 encoded by KCNK3) belongs to the family of two-pore domain potassium channels. This gene subfamily is constitutively active at physiological resting membrane potentials in excitable cells, including smooth muscle cells, and has been particularly linked to the human pulmonary circulation. TASK-1 channels are sensitive to a wide array of physiological and pharmacological mediators that affect their activity such as unsaturated fatty acids, extracellular pH, hypoxia, anaesthetics and intracellular signalling pathways. Recent studies show that modulation of TASK-1 channels, either directly or indirectly by targeting their regulatory mechanisms, has the potential to control pulmonary arterial tone in humans. Furthermore, mutations in KCNK3 have been identified as a rare cause of both familial and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. This review summarises our current state of knowledge of the functional role of TASK-1 channels in the pulmonary circulation in health and disease, with special emphasis on current advancements in the field

Role of Ion Channels in the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an uncommon, progressive, and fatal disease [...

Homéostasie calcique dans les cellules épithéliales mucoviscidosiques (F508del-CFTR)

Le calcium est un messager intracellulaire secondaire impliqué dans le contrôle de nombreux processus biologiques. Un mauvais contrôle de sa concentration peut conduire à la mort cellulaire. Pour ce faire, le Ca2 + est stocké dans les compartiments intracellulaires tel que le réticulum endoplasmique (RE). La mucoviscidose (CF) est une maladie génétique résultant de la mutation du gène codant pour la protéine CFTR (Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Chez une majorité de patients (92%), il est retrouvé une délétion d'un résidu phénylanine en position 508. La protéine ainsi délétée (F508del-CFTR) se retrouve retenue dans le RE par des protéines chaperonnes dépendantes du Ca2 + Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé et comparé l'homéostasie calcique des cellules épithéliales CF et non FC, précisément au niveau : du ER, de la membrane plasmique et pour finir au niveau des mitochondries. Puis, nous avons regarder les conséquences sur l'homéostasie calcique de la correction du défaut de l'adressage défectueux de la protéine F508del-CFTR (correction pharmacologique ( miglustat) ou par une incubation 24 heures à 27 C) . Nous avons mis en évidence l'implication de 3 isoformes de recepteurs à l'IP3 (RIP3),des canaux calciques membranaires TRPC1 et TRPC6, ainsi qu'une participation des mitochondries. Dans la mucoviscidose, les RIP3s, les canaux TRPC6 apparaissent suractivés. Il semble que le contenu en cholestérol de la membrane plasmique joue un rôle primordial dans la régulation du TRPC6. tandis que le pouvoir tampon calcique des mitochondries apparaît diminué dans les cellules CF. Le contrôle du signal calcique des cellules mucovisidosiques apparaît fortement perturbé. Ces perturbations du signal calcique pourraient avoir de nombreuses implications dans la physiopathologie de la mucoviscidose, notamment au niveau de l'état inflammatoire des cellules mucoviscidosiques.Calcium is a secondary intracellular messenger implicated in numerous biological processes, nevertheless calcium induce cell death. For this, Ca2+ is stored in intracellular compartments as endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common mutation F508del results in endoplasmic reticulum retention of misfolded CF proteins (CFTR). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) F508del-CFTR proteins retention is dependent upon chaperone proteins, many of which require Ca2+ for optimal activity. In first time, we characterized and compared calcium homeostasis in CF and non CF epithelial cells, at the ER, plasma membrane and mitochondrial levels. Secondly, we studied the consequence of rescue functional F508del-CFTR in CF cells by treatment with the pharmacological corrector miglustat or low temperature incubation (24h at 27C) on the Ca2+ homeostasis. In this present work, we show that the Ca2+ homeostasis is due to the presence of 3 IP3R isoforms on the ER membrane, the plasma membrane TRPC1 and TRPC6 are expressed, and that the mitochondria participated to Ca2+ homeostasis. In CF epithelial cells, IP3Rs and TRPC6 appear up regulated. The plasma membrane content plays a key role in TRPC6 regulation, whereas the mitochondria Ca2+ up-take is weaker in epithelial CF cells. These results show that the Ca2+ signalling is highly perturbed in human airway epithelial cells. These disturbances may have profound implications in CF physiopathology, notably in inflammatory state of CF cells.POITIERS-BU Sciences (861942102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Transient receptor potential canonical channels are required for in vitro endothelial tube formation

In endothelial cells Ca(2+) entry is an essential component of the Ca(2+) signal that takes place during processes such as cell proliferation or angiogenesis. Ca(2+) influx occurs via the store-operated Ca(2+) entry pathway, involving stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1) and Orai1, but also through channels gated by second messengers like the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. The human umbilical vein-derived endothelial cell line EA.hy926 expressed STIM1 and Orai1 as well as several TRPC channels. By invalidating each of these molecules, we showed that TRPC3, TRPC4, and TRPC5 are essential for the formation of tubular structures observed after EA.hy926 cells were plated on Matrigel. On the contrary, the silencing of STIM1 or Orai1 did not prevent tubulogenesis. Soon after being plated on Matrigel, the cells displayed spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations that were strongly reduced by treatment with siRNA against TRPC3, TRPC4, or TRPC5, but not siRNA against STIM1 or Orai1. Furthermore, we showed that cell proliferation was reduced upon siRNA treatment against TRPC3, TRPC5, and Orai1 channels, whereas the knockdown of STIM1 had no effect. On primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, TRPC1, TRPC4, and STIM1 are involved in tube formation, whereas Orai1 has no effect. These data showed that TRPC channels are essential for in vitro tubulogenesis, both on endothelial cell line and on primary endothelial cells

During post-natal human myogenesis, normal myotube size requires TRPC1- and TRPC4-mediated Ca²⁺ entry

Myogenesis involves expression of muscle-specific transcription factors such as myogenin and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), and is essentially regulated by fluctuations of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Recently we demonstrated that molecular players of store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), stromal interacting molecule (STIM) and Orai, were fundamental in the differentiation process of post-natal human myoblasts. Besides STIM and Orai proteins, the family of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels was shown to be part of SOCE in several cellular systems. In the present study, we investigated the role of TRPC channels in the human myogenesis process. We demonstrate, using an siRNA strategy or dominant negative TRPC overexpression, that TRPC1 and TRPC4 participate in SOCE, are necessary for MEF2 expression, and allow the fusion process to generate myotubes of normal size. Conversely, the overexpression of STIM1 with TRPC4 or TRPC1 increased SOCE, accelerated myoblast fusion, and produced hypertrophic myotubes. Interestingly, in cells depleted of TRPC1 or TRPC4, the normalization of SOCE by increasing the extracellular calcium concentration or by overexpressing STIM1 or Orai1 was not sufficient to restore normal fusion process. A normal differentiation occurred only when TRPC channel was re-expressed. These findings indicate that Ca(2+) entry mediated specifically by TRPC1 and TRPC4 allow the formation of normal-sized myotubes

Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation alteration in right ventricular remodelling caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension

International audiencePulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive and lethal cardiopulmonary disease. The rise in right ventricular afterload leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. Right ventricular failure is the most important prognostic factor for morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension or pulmonary hypertension caused by left heart diseases. Surprisingly, the right ventricle is not targeted by pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific therapies. The current profound lack of basic understanding of pulmonary arterial hypertension-related right ventricular remodelling can explain, at least in part, this paradox. The physiology and haemodynamic function of the right ventricle in the normal state differ considerably from those of the left ventricle, and the known mechanisms of left ventricular dysfunction cannot be generalized to right ventricular dysfunction. Ion channel activities and calcium homeostasis tightly regulate cardiac function, and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. This review focuses on the ion channels (potassium, calcium) and intracellular calcium handling remodelling involved in right ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension