Conhecimento a respeito de resistência bacteriana e hábitos de utilização de antimicrobianos em uma população no sul do Brasil/ Knowledge about bacterial resistance and antibiotic utilization habits in a population in the Southern region of Brazil

Os antimicrobianos foram um dos mais importantes adventos na ciência moderna e ainda hoje a medicina se baseia na utilização dos mesmos. Entretanto, os mecanismos evolutivos destes microorganismos adicionado à pressão seletiva da utilização irracional dos antibióticos faz com que os graus de resistência bacteriana se elevem exacerbadamente. Foi feito um estudo qualitativo transversal na população da cidade de Pelotas/RS através da aplicação de um questionário online onde foram recebidas 517 respostas. A prevalência populacional deste estudo foi de mulheres 86,65%, de 20 a 25 anos e que ainda estão cursando o ensino superior, proporção esperada em uma cidade universitária. Porém, apesar da maior parte da população (91,4%) concordar que o uso irracional de antimicrobianos favorece o surgimento de cepas resistentes, aproximadamente metade da população admitiu fazer uso destes sem a prescrição de um profissional de saúde. Estas porcentagens não se refletem com relação aos cuidados com a antibioticoterapia de seus pets. Aparentemente as mulheres são melhor informadas à respeito de saúde, porém ainda assim também estão mais envolvidas com práticas não racionais do uso de antibióticos, além disso essa prática também parece ser maior entre a população com maior nível educacional. Conclui-se, portanto, que apesar da população ser detentora do conhecimento relativo ao surgimento das superbactérias, o fator cultural da automedicação ainda é muito forte, mesmo em uma amostra de elevado grau educacional, demonstrando ainda ser necessário que se faça um maior trabalho de conscientização e educação da população.

Genomic history of coastal societies from eastern South America

Sambaqui (shellmound) societies are among the most intriguing archaeological phenomena in pre-colonial South America, extending from approximately 8,000 to 1,000 years before present (yr bp) across 3,000 km on the Atlantic coast. However, little is known about their connection to early Holocene hunter-gatherers, how this may have contributed to different historical pathways and the processes through which late Holocene ceramists came to rule the coast shortly before European contact. To contribute to our understanding of the population history of indigenous societies on the eastern coast of South America, we produced genome-wide data from 34 ancient individuals as early as 10,000 yr bp from four different regions in Brazil. Early Holocene hunter-gatherers were found to lack shared genetic drift among themselves and with later populations from eastern South America, suggesting that they derived from a common radiation and did not contribute substantially to later coastal groups. Our analyses show genetic heterogeneity among contemporaneous Sambaqui groups from the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast, contrary to the similarity expressed in the archaeological record. The complex history of intercultural contact between inland horticulturists and coastal populations becomes genetically evident during the final horizon of Sambaqui societies, from around 2,200 yr bp, corroborating evidence of cultural change

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ