ESTUDOS AFRICANOS NA CHINA EM UM CONTEXTO GLOBAL (1950-2020)

China's systematic understanding and research of Africa began in New China, which can be roughly divided into three stages. Supporting Africa (1950-1965). Political emphasis decided that the contact with and study on Africa should be based on support for national independence movements. Understanding Africa (1966-1976). Some institutions translated a large number of works in the "Cultural Revolution" to enhance understanding of Africa. Studying Africa (1977-). The reform and opening up prompted the academic community to become familiar with Africa and start preliminary research. The development of China Africa relations has promoted all-round research on Africa (Li, A. 2005). This article attempts to further explore China's African studies, which are divided into five parts, e.g., a historical background of relationship between China and Africa, a brief illustration of the achievements of four generations (especially young people), the participation and contribution of Chinese scholars in the international academia; the development of research institutions, and an analysis of the new trend of African studies in China.A compreensão sistemática da China e a pesquisa da África começaram na Nova China, que pode ser dividida em três etapas. O apoio à África (1950-1965). A ênfase política decidiu que o contato com a África e que o estudo sobre ela deveria ser baseado no apoio aos movimentos de independência nacional. Compreender a África (1966-1976). Algumas instituições traduziram um grande número de obras na "Revolução Cultural" para melhorar a compreensão da África. Estudar a África (1977-). A reforma e a abertura levaram a comunidade acadêmica a se familiarizar com a África e a iniciar pesquisas preliminares. O desenvolvimento das relações entre a China e a África promoveu uma pesquisa geral sobre o continente (Li, A. 2005). Este artigo tenta explorar melhor os estudos africanos da China, que estão divididos em cinco partes, por exemplo, um histórico das relações entre a China e a África, uma breve ilustração das realizações de quatro gerações (especialmente dos jovens), a participação e contribuição dos estudiosos chineses na academia internacional; o desenvolvimento de instituições de pesquisa e uma análise da nova tendência dos estudos africanos na China

ESTUDOS AFRICANOS NA CHINA EM UM CONTEXTO GLOBAL (1950-2020)

China's systematic understanding and research of Africa began in New China, which can be roughly divided into three stages. Supporting Africa (1950-1965). Political emphasis decided that the contact with and study on Africa should be based on support for national independence movements. Understanding Africa (1966-1976). Some institutions translated a large number of works in the "Cultural Revolution" to enhance understanding of Africa. Studying Africa (1977-). The reform and opening up prompted the academic community to become familiar with Africa and start preliminary research. The development of China Africa relations has promoted all-round research on Africa (Li, A. 2005). This article attempts to further explore China's African studies, which are divided into five parts, e.g., a historical background of relationship between China and Africa, a brief illustration of the achievements of four generations (especially young people), the participation and contribution of Chinese scholars in the international academia; the development of research institutions, and an analysis of the new trend of African studies in China.A compreensão sistemática da China e a pesquisa da África começaram na Nova China, que pode ser dividida em três etapas. O apoio à África (1950-1965). A ênfase política decidiu que o contato com a África e que o estudo sobre ela deveria ser baseado no apoio aos movimentos de independência nacional. Compreender a África (1966-1976). Algumas instituições traduziram um grande número de obras na "Revolução Cultural" para melhorar a compreensão da África. Estudar a África (1977-). A reforma e a abertura levaram a comunidade acadêmica a se familiarizar com a África e a iniciar pesquisas preliminares. O desenvolvimento das relações entre a China e a África promoveu uma pesquisa geral sobre o continente (Li, A. 2005). Este artigo tenta explorar melhor os estudos africanos da China, que estão divididos em cinco partes, por exemplo, um histórico das relações entre a China e a África, uma breve ilustração das realizações de quatro gerações (especialmente dos jovens), a participação e contribuição dos estudiosos chineses na academia internacional; o desenvolvimento de instituições de pesquisa e uma análise da nova tendência dos estudos africanos na China

ESTUDOS AFRICANOS NA CHINA NO SÉCULO XXI: UM LEVANTAMENTO HISTORIOGRÁFICO

With fast development of China-Africa relations, Africanists outside China have showed great interest in China-Africa academic engagement. One of the important aspects is what has been done in China regarding African studies. Although China’s trade with Africa increased from $10.5 billion in 2000 to 220 billion in 2014, African studies in China did not have the fortune as the trade. However, the dramatic development of the relation has provided Chinese Africanists with new opportunities and challenges. This paper will elaborate what Chinese Africanists have studied in the period of 2000-2015. What subjects are they interested in? What are the achievements and weaknesses? It is divided into four parts, focus and new interests, achievements, young scholars, references and afterthoughts.Com o rápido desenvolvimento das relações China-África, africanistas fora da China têm mostrado grande interesse no engajamento acadêmico China-África. Um dos aspectos importantes é o que tem sido feito na China em relação aos estudos africanos. Apesar do comércio da China com a África tenha aumentado de 10,5 bilhões de dólares em 2000 para 220 bilhões em 2014, os estudos africanos na China não tiveram tanta sorte quanto o comércio. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento dramático dessa relação tem dado novas oportunidades e desafios aos africanistas chineses. Este artigo vai elucidar o que os africanistas chineses têm estudado no período de 2000-2015. Por quais temas eles têm se interessado? Quais são as conquistas e fraquezas? O artigo foi dividido em quatro partes: foco e novos interesses, conquistas, novos acadêmicos, referências e considerações

China’s Sudan engagement: changing Northern and Southern political trajectories in peace and war

China has developed a more consequential role in Sudan over the past two decades, during which it has become bound up in the combination of enduring violent internal instability and protracted external adversity that has characterized the politics of the central state since the 1989 Islamist revolution. Two inter-related political trajectories of China’s Sudan engagement are examined here. The first concerns Beijing’s relations with the ruling National Congress party in incorporating China into its domestic politics and foreign relations amidst war in Darfur, to which Beijing has responded through a more engaged political role. The second confronts the practical limitations of China’s sovereignty doctrine and exclusive reliance upon relations with the central state. Following the peace agreement of 2005 that ended the North–South war, and motivated by political imperatives linked to investment protection concerns, China has developed new relations with the semi-autonomous Government of Southern Sudan, thus seeking to position itself to navigate Sudan’s uncertain political future

Multi-strategy self-learning particle swarm optimization algorithm based on reinforcement learning

The trade-off between exploitation and exploration is a dilemma inherent to particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. Therefore, a growing body of PSO variants is devoted to solving the balance between the two. Among them, the method of self-adaptive multi-strategy selection plays a crucial role in improving the performance of PSO algorithms but has yet to be well exploited. In this research, with the aid of the reinforcement learning technique to guide the generation of offspring, a novel self-adaptive multi-strategy selection mechanism is designed, and then a multi-strategy self-learning PSO algorithm based on reinforcement learning (MPSORL) is proposed. First, the fitness value of particles is regarded as a set of states that are divided into several state subsets non-uniformly. Second, the ε-greedy strategy is employed to select the optimal strategy for each particle. The personal best particle and the global best particle are then updated after executing the strategy. Subsequently, the next state is determined. Thus, the value of the Q-table, as a scheme adopted in self-learning, is reshaped by the reward value, the action and the state in a non-stationary environment. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms on two well-known benchmark suites and a real-world problem. Extensive experiments indicate that MPSORL has better performance in terms of accuracy, convergence speed and non-parametric tests in most cases. The multi-strategy selection mechanism presented in the manuscript is effective

Radionuclide therapy using I-131-labeled anti-epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted nanoparticles suppresses cancer cell growth caused by EGFR overexpression

Introduction Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted nanoparticles can be used to deliver a therapeutic and imaging agent to EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. I-131-labeled anti-EGFR nanoparticles derived from cetuximab were used as a tumor-targeting vehicle in radionuclide therapy

Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire

FdA – Publicaties zonder aanstelling Universiteit LeidenHeritage of Indigenous People

Study on the Formation Mechanism of Surface Adhered Damage in Ball-End Milling Ti6Al4V

Ball-end cutters are widely used for machining the parts of Ti-6Al-4V, which have the problem of poor machined surface quality due to the low cutting speed near the tool tip. In this paper, through the experiments of inclined surface machining in different feed directions, it is found that the surface adhered damages will form on the machined surface under certain tool postures. It is determined that the formation of surface adhered damage is related to the material adhesion near the cutting edge and the cutting-into/out position within the tool per-rotation cycle. In order to analyze the cutting-into/out process more clearly under different tool postures, the projection models of the cutting edge and the cutter workpiece engagement on the contact plane are established; thus, the complex geometry problem of space is transformed into that of plane. Combined with the case of cutting-into/out, chip morphology, and surface morphology, the formation mechanism of surface adhered damage is analyzed. The analysis results show that the adhered damage can increase the height parameters Sku, Sz, Sp, and Sv of surface topographies. Sz, Sp, and Sv of the normal machined surface without damage (Sku ≈ 3) are about 4–6, 2–3, and 2–3 μm, while Sz, Sp, and Sv with adhered damage (Sku > 3) can reach about 8–20, 4–14, and 3–6 μm in down-milling and 10–25, 7–18, and 3–7 μm in up-milling. The feed direction should be selected along the upper left (Q2: β ∈ [0°, 90°]) or lower left (Q3: β ∈ [90°, 180°]) to avoid surface adhered damage in the down-milling process. For up-milling, the feed direction should be selected along the upper right (Q1: β ∈ (−90°, 0°]) or upper left (Q2: β ∈ [0°, 90°))

CHINA-ÁFRICA NO CONTEXTO DA BRI-B3W

The article deals with China-Africa cooperation in the context of BRI-B3W. The first part illustrates the contrast of some prediction about the development of the 21st century and the reality. The second studies the various fabrications and the fact of China-Africa relations. The third examines the BRI (the Belt and Road Initiative) proposed by Xi Jinping in 2013 and the B3W (Build Back Better World) pur forward by Joe Biden in 2021. The fourth explores African role in the BRI. The fifth studies the concept and practice of "civilization" in relation to world development. The author suggests that the BRI and the B3W should cooperate with each other to make the South especially African continent a benefitiary thus contribute a great deal to the whole world.O artigo aborda a cooperação China-África no contexto da BRI-B3W. A primeira parte ilustra o contraste de algumas previsões sobre o desenvolvimento do século XXI e a realidade. A segunda estuda as várias invenções e os fatos sobre as relações China-África. A terceira examina a BRI (Iniciativa Belt and Road), proposta por Xi Jinping em 2013, e a B3W (Build Back Better World), apresentada por Joe Biden em 2021. A quarta explora o papel africano na BRI. A quinta estuda o conceito e a prática de "civilização" em relação ao desenvolvimento mundial. O autor sugere que a BRI e a B3W cooperem entre si para tornar o Sul, especialmente o continente africano, um beneficiário, assim contribuindo significativamente para o mundo inteiro