35 research outputs found
Microbial removal efficiency of a natural wastewater treatment system and the impact of its effluent on receiving waters
The discharge of untreated or partially treated wastewater into streams is a huge problem indeveloping countries in that it leads to severe environmental degradation, and, also, poses serious public health challenges to communities which live downstream. The study investigated the microbial removal efficiency of individual ponds of a waste stabilization pond system and the overall performance of the treatment systems in the removal of indicator bacteria and organic matter. The impact of the discharged effluent on the receiving waters was evaluated. The final effluent concentration of BOD and TSS were 1.7±1.2 and 10.1±4.3 mg/l, representing overall removal efficiencies of 98.7 and 98.6 percent, respectively. Overall log removal of faecal coliform (FC) and E. coli were 3.8, and 4.7 log units, representing a percentage removal of 98.4 and 99.8 percent, respectively. The mean diversity upstream was 0.11±0.09 while the downstream was 0.14±0.05, and this was not statistically different. The presence of macro-invertebrate families of Elmidae and Libellulidae downstream the point of discharge is an indication of good water quality
Microbial Water Quality Assessment of Packaged Drinking Water of Pre-School Children in some Parts of Accra
Episodes of Cholera outbreaks are still common in most developing countries and children usually are at the greatest risk. This study assessed the importance of diarrhoea-related illnesses among children five years of age or less at the University Hospital, Legon and the importance of packaged water handling in the contamination of drinking water of pre-school children. Diarrhea-related diseases (DRD) accounted for 6.3% of cases involving children five years and below reporting at the University Hospital, Legon during the period of the study. Generally, greater number of cases (DRD) were reported among males (6.9%) than among females (5.6%). High counts above recommended levels of either Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Pseudomonas or Total Coliforms were observed in 88% of the water samples tested. Inadequate cleaning of water bottles and in some instances the use of inappropriate water bottles (reusing PET mineral water containers) contributed to the poor quality of the drinking water of the preschool children. A greater part of the contamination of the drinking water occurred at home and not at the schools. Parents therefore need to be targeted with water, sanitation and hygiene related health education
Photoreactivation of total heterotrophic bacteria in bottled drinking water after inactivation with pulsed ultra-violet light
Bacteria which cause opportunistic infections such as Pseudomonas can self resuscitate incircumstances where effective UV disinfection is compromised and is exposed to sunlight. The study investigated the effect of sub-lethal doses of pulsed ultra-violet (PUV) light on total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) in three brands of bottled water packed in glass and plastic bottles and how photoreactivation and dark repair occurred. The effect of exposure time on photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after inactivation with PUV was also investigated. THB in brands 1, 2 and 3 were completely inactivated by 7, 3 and 5 pulses of UV light respectively. Light repair of THB varied in the three brands of bottled water due perhaps to differences in the ionic composition of the three brands. Brands 1, 2 and 3 having 0.4, 0.7 and 1.7 log units of repair. respectively. Evidence of dark repair was not significant. Photo-repair in E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased gradually with continual exposure to irradiating light for a period after which there was a decrease, suggesting that for a particular bacterium and illuminating source, an optimum time of exposure exist during which maximum photo-repair occur
Vitamin D3 Receptor Activation Rescued Corticostriatal Neural Activity and Improved Motor-Cognitive Function in âD2R Parkinsonian Mice Model
Background: fourth generation antipsychotics have been implicated in the blockade of calcium
signalling through inhibition of dopamine receptive sites on dopaminergic D2 Receptor (D2R). As a
result of the abnormal calcium signalling associated with D2R inhibition, changes occur in the motor
and memory neural axis leading to the observed behavioural deficits after prolonged haloperidol.
Thus, Vitamin D3 receptor (VD3R), a calcium controlling receptor in the striatum can be targeted
to relief the neurological symptoms associated with haloperidol (âD2R) induced PD. Aim:
This study sets to investigate the role of VD3R activation in vitro and in vivo after haloperidolinduced
Dopaminergic (D2R) blockade. In addition, we examined the associated neural activity
and behavioural changes in parkinsonian and VDRA intervention mice. Methods: Dopaminergic
D2R inhibition was investigated in vitro using Melanocytes isolated from the scale of a Tilapia. In
four separate set ups, the cells were cultured in calcium free Ringerâs solution as follows; 300 ÎŒM
haloperidol, 100 ÎŒM VD3, 100 mM calcium chloride and a combination of 300 ÎŒM haloperidol
and 100 ÎŒM VD3. Subsequently, dopaminergic vesicle accumulation and calcium signalling were observed in bright field microscopy using blue and green fluorescence probes. In the second phase,
PD was induced in adult BALB/c mice (âD2; n = 8) after 14 days of intraperitoneal haloperidol
treatment (10 mg/Kg). A set of n = 4 mice were untreated (âD2) while the other group (n = 4) received
100 mg/Kg of VD3 for 7 days (âD2/+VDR). The control groups (n = 4 each) were treated with
normal saline (NS) and VD3 (+VDR) for 14 days. At the end of the treatment phase, the animals
were assessed in Rotarod, parallel bar-, cylinder-, Y-Maze-, one trial place recognition- and novel
object recognition-(NOR) tests. Neural activity was measured using chronic electrode implants
placed in the M1 (motor cortex), CPu (striatum), CA1 (hippocampus) and PFC (prefrontal cortex).
Neural activity was compared with the outcomes of behavioural tests for memory and motor functions
and data was expressed as mean ± SEM (analysed using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test,
significant level was set at 0.05). Results/Discussion: in vitro outcomes show that VDR increase
calcium signalling and reverses the effect of haloperidol; specifically by reducing dopaminergic
vesicle accumulation in the cell body. Similarly, in vivo neural recordings suggest an increase in
calcium hyperpolarization currents in the CPu and PFC of intervention mice (âD2/+VDR) when
compared with the parkinsonian mice (âD2). These animals (âD2/+VDR) also recorded an improvement
in spatial working memory and motor function versus the Parkinsonian mice (âD2).
These outcomes suggest the role of CPu-PFC corticostriatal outputs in the motor-cognitive decline
seen in parkinsonian mice. Similarly, VDRA reduced the neural deficits through restoration of calcium
currents (burst activities) in the intervention mice (âD2/+VDR). Conclusion: VDRA treatment
reduced the motor-cognitive defects observed in haloperidol induced PD. Our findings suggest the
role of VDRA in restoration of calcium currents associated with PFC and CPu corticostriatal outputs
seen as burst frequencies in in vivo neural recording
Vitamin D 3 Receptor Activation Rescued Corticostriatal Neural Activity and Improved Motor Function in âD 2 R Tardive Dyskinesia Mice Model
Haloperidol-induced dyskinesia has been linked to a reduction in dopamine activity characterized
by the inhibition of dopamine receptive sites on D2-receptor (D2R). As a result of D2R inhibition,
calcium-linked neural activity is affected and seen as a decline in motor-cognitive function after
prolonged haloperidol use in the treatment of psychotic disorders. In this study, we have elucidated the relationship between haloperidol-induced tardive dyskinesia and the neural activity in
motor cortex (M1), basal nucleus (CPu), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (CA1). Also, we
explored the role of Vitamin D3 receptor (VD3R) activation as a therapeutic target in improving
motor-cognitive functions in dyskinetic mice. Dyskinesia was induced in adult BALB/c mice after
28 days of haloperidol treatment (10 mg/Kg; intraperitoneal). We established the presence of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in the haloperidol treated mice (âD2) through assessment
of the threshold and amplitude of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) for the Limbs (Li) and
Orolingual (Ol) area (Li and Ol AIMs). As a confirmatory test, the dyskinetic mice (âD2) showed
high global AIMs score when compared with the VD3RA intervention group (âD2/+VDR) for Li and Ol AIMs. Furthermore, in the behavioral tests, the dyskinetic mice exhibited a decrease in latency
of fall (LOF; Rotarod-P < 0.05), climbing attempts (Cylinder test; P < 0.05) and latency of Turning
(Parallel bar test; LOT-P < 0.05) when compared with the control. The reduced motor function in
dyskinetic mice was associated with a decline in CPu-CA1 burst frequencies and an increase in
M1-PFC cortical activity. However, after VD3RA intervention (âD2/+VDR), 100 mg/Kg for 7 days,
CPu-CA1 burst activity was restored leading to a decrease in abnormal movement, and an increase
in motor function. Ultimately, we deduced that VD3RA activation reduced the threshold of abnormal movement in haloperidol induced dyskinesia
Vitamin D 3 Receptor Activation Rescued Corticostriatal Neural Activity and Improved Motor - Cognitive Function in â D 2 R Parkinsonian Mice Model
fourth generation antipsychotics have been implicated in the blockade of calcium
signalling through inhibition of dopamine receptive sites on dopaminergic D
2
Receptor (D
2
R). As a
result of the
abnormal calcium signalling associated with D
2
R inhibition, changes occur in the m
o-
tor and memory neural axis leading to the observed behavioural deficits after prolonged halope
r-
idol. Thus, Vitamin D
3
receptor (VD
3
R), a calcium controlling receptor in the
striatum can be ta
r-
geted to relief the neurological symptoms associated with haloperidol (
â
D
2
R) induced PD.
Aim:
This study sets to investigate the role of VD3R activation
in vitro
and
in vivo
after haloperidol
-
induced Dopaminergic (D
2
R) blockade. In addi
tion, we examined the associated neural activity
and behavioural changes in parkinsonian and VDRA intervention mice.
Methods: Dopaminergic
D
2
R inhibition was investigated
in vitro
using Melanocytes isolated from the scale of a Tilapia. In
four separate set ups, the cells were cultured in calcium free Ringerâs solution as follows; 300
ÎŒM
haloperidol, 100
ÎŒM VD
3
, 100
mM calcium chloride and a combination of 300
ÎŒM haloperidol
and
100
ÎŒM VD
3
. Subsequently, dopaminergic vesicle accumulation and calcium signalling were observed in bright field microscopy using blue and green fluorescence probes. In the second phase,
PD was induced in adult BALB/c mice (
â
D
2
; n
=
8) after 14 days of
intraperitoneal haloperidol
treatment (10
mg/Kg). A set of n
=
4 mice were untreated (
â
D
2
) while the other group (n
=
4) r
e-
ceived 100
mg/Kg of VD
3
for 7
days (
â
D
2
/+VDR). The control groups (n
=
4 each) were treated with
normal saline (NS) and VD
3
(+VDR) fo
r 14 days. At the end of the treatment phase, the animals
were assessed in Rotarod, parallel bar
-
, cylinder
-
, Y
-
Maze
-
, one trial place recognition
-
and novel
object recognition
-
(NOR) tests. Neural activity was measured
using chronic electrode implants
plac
ed in the M1 (motor cortex), CPu (striatum), CA1 (hippocampus) and PFC (prefrontal cortex).
Neural activity was compared with the outcomes of behavioural tests for memory and motor fun
c-
tions and data was expressed as mean
±
SEM (analysed using ANOVA with T
ukey post
-
hoc test,
significant level was set at 0.05).
Results/Discussion:
in vitro
outcomes show that VDR increase
calcium signalling and reverses the effect of haloperidol; specifically by reducing dopaminergic
vesicle accumulation in the cell body. Sim
ilarly,
in vivo
neural recordings
suggest an increase in
calcium hyperpolarization currents in the CPu and PFC of intervention mice (
â
D
2
/+VDR) when
compared with the parkinsonian mice (
â
D
2
). These animals (
â
D
2
/+VDR) also recorded an i
m-
provement in spatial
working memory and motor function versus the Parkinsonian mice (
â
D
2
).
These outcomes suggest
the role of CPu
-
PFC corticostriatal outputs in the motor
-
cognitive decline
seen in parkinsonian mice. Similarly, VDRA reduced the neural deficits through restorati
on of ca
l-
cium currents (burst activities) in the intervention mice (
â
D
2
/+VDR).
Conclusion: VDRA treatment
reduced the motor
-
cognitive defects observed in haloperidol induced PD. Our findings suggest the
role of VDRA in restoration of calcium currents assoc
iated with PFC and CPu
corticostriatal ou
t-
puts seen as burst frequencies in
in vivo
neural recording
Deciphering the role of ectosomes in cancer development and progression : focus on the proteome
Choice of the initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive individuals in the era of integrase inhibitors
BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the most frequently prescribed initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in recent years in HIV-positive persons in the Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) and to investigate factors associated with the choice of each regimen. METHODS: We analyzed initial ART regimens prescribed in adults participating in CoRIS from 2014 to 2017. Only regimens prescribed in >5% of patients were considered. We used multivariable multinomial regression to estimate Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs) for the association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the choice of the initial regimen. RESULTS: Among 2874 participants, abacavir(ABC)/lamivudine(3TC)/dolutegavir(DTG) was the most frequently prescribed regimen (32.1%), followed by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/elvitegravir(EVG)/cobicistat(COBI) (14.9%), TDF/FTC/rilpivirine (RPV) (14.0%), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/FTC/EVG/COBI (13.7%), TDF/FTC+DTG (10.0%), TDF/FTC+darunavir/ritonavir or darunavir/cobicistat (bDRV) (9.8%) and TDF/FTC+raltegravir (RAL) (5.6%). Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, starting TDF/FTC/RPV was less likely in patients with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+DTG was more frequent in those with CD4100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+RAL and TDF/FTC+bDRV were also more frequent among patients with CD4<200 cells//muL and with transmission categories other than men who have sex with men. Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, the prescription of other initial ART regimens decreased from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 with the exception of TDF/FTC+DTG. Differences in the choice of the initial ART regimen were observed by hospitals' location. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of initial ART regimens is consistent with Spanish guidelines' recommendations, but is also clearly influenced by physician's perception based on patient's clinical and sociodemographic variables and by the prescribing hospital location