Bodenzoologische Erhebungen auf Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsflächen: Welche Datengrundlage liefern sie für die Klimafolgen- und Klimaanpassungsforschung?

Für eine effektive Klimawirkungs- und Klimaanpassungsforschung ist es notwendig, Bodenveränderungen infolge des Klimawandels mit Hilfe eines Klimafolgen-Monitorings mit konkreten Daten zu dokumentieren. Welche Datengrundlagen aus bestehenden Instrumenten der Bodenzustandserhebung und des Bodenmonitorings dafür zur Verfügung stehen, wurde im Rahmen des UBA-Projekts „BOKLIM - Anwendung von Bodendaten in der Klimaforschung“ untersucht. Der hier vorgestellte Teil „Bodenzoologie“ ist auf die Boden-Dauerbeobachtungsprogramme fokussiert, weil nur dort bodenzoologische Daten im nennenswertem Umfang erhoben werden. Es wurden Datenbedarf, Datenangebot und das sich daraus ggf. ergebende Datendefizit geprüft. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Boden-Dauerbeobachtung eine geeignete Basis für die bundesweite Erhebung bodenzoologischer Daten im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel bildet, jedoch auch erhebliche Defizite bestehen

Das Projekt BOKLIM: Bodendaten – Drehscheibe für die Klimaforschung

Eine stärkere Nutzung, bessere Ver¬netzung und bedarfsgerechte Anpas¬sung vorhandener Monitoringsysteme sowie ein verbesserter Zugang, Quali¬tät und Verfügbarkeit der Daten sind wichtige Forderungen, die unter dem Titel „Anwendung von Bodendaten in der Klimaforschung“ in einem vom Um¬weltbundesamt geförderten For¬schungs¬projekt aufgegriffen werden. Der Beitrag informiert über Ziele, Konzeption und erste Ergebnisse des Projektes

Investigations on Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) concerning the influence of soil moisture and pH on the toxicity of heavy metals in the field and in laboratory experiments

Inhaltsverzeichnis I 1\. Einleitung 1 2\. Untersuchungsgebiet 6 3\. Methoden 15 4\. Ergebnisse der Freilanduntersuchungen 35 5\. Ergebnisse der Laborversuche 64 6\. Diskussion 103 8\. Literatur 140 Anhang 153Untersucht wurden sechs ehemalige, teils aufgeforstete Rieselfeldflächen und eine unbelastete Forstfläche im Norden Berlins. Den Freilanderhebungen wurden Laboruntersuchungen zur Wirkung von unterschiedlichen Bodenwassergehalten und pH-Werten auf Enchytraeiden zur Seite gestellt. Darauf aufbauend wurden Effektkonzentrationen bezüglich Mortalität und Reproduktion für zwei Enchytraeidenarten für das Schwermetall Zink unter Modifikation von Bodenfeuchte und pH-Wert ermittelt. Zwischen den ehemaligen Rieselfeldflächen zeigten sich eher geringe Unterschiede hinsichtlich Abundanzen und Artenspektrum. Auf der am höchsten belasteten Fläche wurden nur sporadisch Enchytraeiden gefunden. Bei den anderen Rieselfeldflächen schien keine Beziehung zwischen Schwermetallgehalt und Abundanzen zu bestehen. Die Enchytraeidenzönose der Rieselfeldflächen ist mit sechs bis neun Arten als artenarm zu bezeichnen. Dominant sind Pionierarten der Gattung Enchytraeus sowie Henlea ventriculosa und Fridericia bulbosa. Alle dominanten Arten sind als Schwachsäure- bis Schwachbasenzeiger einzustufen. Die Laborversuche wurden mit zwei der auf den Rieselfeldern vorkommenden Arten, Enchytraeus christenseni und Enchytraeus sp. (RefB5), in LUFA 2.2-Boden durchgeführt. Die Reproduktion beider Arten war bei einem Wassergehalt £ 15 % TG (= 31,4 % WHK) gegenüber höheren Wassergehalten signifikant eingeschränkt. Die Reproduktion von Enchytraeus christenseni war außerdem bei pH-Werten von 4,2 und 4,8 in angesäuertem LUFA 2.2 gehemmt. Begleitend zu den ökotoxikologischen Versuchen mit Zink wurden die Gesamtgehalte (Königswasser-Extrakt) und mobilen Gehalte (NH4NO3-Extrakt) von dotiertem LUFA 2.2-Boden gemessen. Die Effektkonzentrationen werden daher sowohl bezogen auf die Gesamtgehalte als auch bezogen auf die mobilen Gehalte angegeben. Die LC50 für Zink liegt für E. christenseni bei 271,8 mg/kg (gesamt) bzw. 81,4 mg/kg (mobil). Für E. sp. (RefB5) liegen die LC50-Werte bei 423,6 mg Zn/kg (gesamt) bzw. 131,5 mg Zn/kg (mobil). Für die Reproduktion von E. christenseni wurden EC50-Werte von 75,9 mg Zn/kg (gesamt) bzw. 16,7 mg Zn/kg (mobil) berechnet. Die entsprechenden Werte für E. sp. (RefB5) liegen in auf demselben Niveau: 73,0 mg Zn/kg (gesamt) und 15,8 mg Zn/kg (mobil). Die EC50 für die Reproduktion liegt im angesäuerten Boden (pH 4,9) mit 70,6 mg/kg (gesamt) nur geringfügig niedriger als ohne Säurezugabe (pH 5,2). Bezogen auf den mobilen Gehalte betrug die EC50 für die Reproduktion im angesäuerten Boden 20,2 mg Zn/kg. Auf allen Rieselfeldflächen, mit einer Ausnahme, überschreiten die Zinkgehalte die EC50-Werte der beiden untersuchten Enchytraeus-Arten für Zink. Auf einer Fläche werden außerdem auch die LC50-Werte überschritten. Darüber hinaus erreicht die Bodenfeuchte im Freiland häufig niedrige Werte, die im Laborversuch eine starke Reproduktionseinschränkung hervorrufen. Die Bodenversauerung hat sowohl für die dominanten Enchytraeidenarten direkt als auch im Hinblick auf die Schwermetallmobilität negative Auswirkungen. Insgesamt muss die Lebensraumfunktion der untersuchten Rieselfeldböden als deutlich beeinträchtigt angesehen werden. Keywords: Enchytraeidae, Schwermetalle, Zink, Bodenfeuchte, pH-Wert, RieselfelderInvestigation sites were situated on partly afforested sewage fields (six sites) and in an uncontaminated forest (one site) north of Berlin (Germany). Field investigations were accompanied by laboratory tests concerning the influence of soil water content and soil pH on enchytraeids. In addition, effect concentrations for mortality and reproduction for two enchytraeid species were determined for zinc under different moisture and pH conditions. Abundances and species composition showed relatively small differences between the examined sewage fields. On the most contaminated site enchytraeids were found sporadically only. For the other sites no connection seemed to exist between density of enchytraeids and heavy metal contents of the soil. The enchytraeid population of the sewage fields only comprised six to nine species. Most dominant were r-selected species of the genus Enchytraeus and also Henlea ventriculosa and Fridericia bulbosa. All dominant species can be considered as indicators of slightly acid to slightly alkaline soils. The laboratory tests were conducted with two species occurring on the investigation sites, Enchytraeus christenseni and Enchytraeus sp. (RefB5). Test substrate was LUFA 2.2 standard soil, a commercially available sandy soil. The reproduction of both species was significantly reduced at a water content of £ 15 % DW (= 31.4 % WHC). Further, reproduction of E. christenseni was inhibited at pH 4.2 and 4.8 in acidified LUFA 2.2. In connection with the ecotoxicological tests zinc contents of the LUFA 2.2 soil were analysed as total contents (aqua regia extract) and mobile fraction (ammonium nitrate extract). Effect concentrations are thus given based on total contents as well as on mobile contents. The LC50 for zinc for E. christenseni is 271.8 mg/kg (total) and 81.4 mg/kg (mobile) respectively. For E. sp. (RefB5) the following LC50-values were determined: 423.6 mg Zn/kg (total) and 131.5 mg Zn/kg (mobile). The reproducion test with E. christenseni produced EC50-values of 75.9 mg Zn/kg (total) and 16.7 mg Zn/kg (mobile). The corresponding effect concentrations for E. sp. (RefB5) are on a similar level: 73.0 mg Zn/kg (total) und 15.8 mg Zn/kg (mobile). The EC50 of acidified soil (pH 4.9) was estimated 70.6 mg/kg which is only marginally lower than without acid (pH 5.2). The EC50 in acidified soil calculated on the basis of mobile zinc was 20.2 mg/kg. On most sewage fields the zinc contents exceeded the EC50-values of both examined species. On one site the zinc contents were even beyond the LC50. Further, soil moisture in the field was often below water contents that caused considerable inhibition of reproduction under laboratory conditions. Soil acidification had negative effects on the dominant enchytraeid species as well as on the mobility of heavy metals. In total, the habitat function of the contaminated sewage field soils is considered seriously impaired. Keywords: Enchytraeidae, heavy metals, zinc, soil moisture, soil pH, sewage field

A Concept for a Consolidated Humus Form Description—An Updated Version of German Humus Form Systematics

In Germany, the systematics of humus forms has been developed, which is mainly based on morphological characteristics and has been proven via detailed long-term observation. The humus form systematics presented here is an update based on a new approach, clarifying the hierarchical structure into divisions, classes, types, and subtypes. New diagnostic horizons and transition horizons are introduced, uniquely characterising types and subtypes. This paper holds that the humus form is not only a product of decomposition, humification, and bioturbation but also serves as habitat for soil organisms. The processes and the habitat are shaped by soil-forming factors with the main factor being soil water conditions. Thus, on the first level of systematics, aeromorphic and aero-hydromorphic as well as hydromorphic humus forms are differentiated. Many different features of the organic layers and the mineral topsoil can be observed in forests, open grasslands, the mountain zone above the tree line, and natural fens and bogs, as well as degraded peatlands. Features shaping the humus form, such as the proportion of organic fine material and packing of the organic matter as well as the structure of the mineral soil, have now been unambiguously described. However, site-specific soil-forming factors result in typical organic matter characteristics of individual horizons and typical combinations of different horizons. This relationship is illustrated using descriptions of distinct humus forms

Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany

Lehmitz, Ricarda, Römbke, Jörg, Jänsch, Stephan, Krück, Stefanie, Beylich, Anneke, Graefe, Ulfert (2014): Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany. Zootaxa 3866 (2): 221-245, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.

Mitochondrial evidence supports a nearctic origin for the spreading limicolous earthworm sparganophilus tamesis benham, 1892 (clitellata, sparganophilidae)

We analysed samples of Sparganophilus taken at the corners of its distribution area in Europe (UK, Germany and Italy). No mitochondrial genetic divergence within and amongst them was found, neither in COI nor in 16S. Further, the COI haplotype was also identical to two sequences from Ontario, Canada in the Barcoding of Life Data System (BOLD) database. Our European COI and 16S sequences showed only minimal differentiation (only 1 or 2 substitutions) from specimens newly collected in Illinois and Washington states (USA), as well as from a COI haplotype from Tennessee (USA) in BOLD. An additional COI haplotype from Illinois (found in BOLD) is 2.1% different from the other haplotypes but clearly belongs to the same lineage of Sparganophilus. This geographically broad but genetically compact group fits the morphological diagnosis of S. tamesis Benham, 1892 as revised by Jamieson (1971) and is seen as evidence that all European populations 1) belong to the same species, 2) derive from a recent introduction, 3) are conspecific with the most widespread species of Sparganophilus in North America, and that 4) S. tamesis is a senior synonym of S. eiseni Smith, 1895. The single European haplotype does not refute the possibility of its spread from a single introduced source population

Upscaling the spatial distribution of enchytraeids and humus forms in a high mountain environment on the basis of GIS and fuzzy logic

The aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of enchytraeids and humus forms in a study area in the Italian Alps by means of a knowledge-based modeling approach. The modeled area is located around Val di Sole and Val di Rabbi (Trentino, Italy) and includes the forested parts in the range between 1100 m and 1800 m a.s.l. Elevation and slope exposure are considered as environmental covariates. Models were implemented regarding the spatial distribution of three variables at the landscape scale: 1) enchytraeids indicating mull humus forms, 2) enchytraeids indicating moder/mor humus forms, 3) humus forms showing an OH horizon. All three models reveal a consistent trend of an increasing accumulation of plant residues and humus in organic layers from low to high elevations and from south-facing to north-facing slopes. Validation and uncertainty analysis of input data confirm these trends, although some deviations are to be expected (RMSE values from validation sites range from 26.3 to 36.2% points). Effects of additional potentially influencing variables may lead to uncertainties of the model predictions especially at positions with particular landforms (e.g. gullies and ridges). In the high mountains environmental conditions are often quite heterogeneous due to a highly variable topography, which also affects the species composition of the decomposer community and the occurrence of different humus forms

Upscaling the spatial distribution of enchytraeids and humus forms in a high mountain environment on the basis of GIS and fuzzy logic

The aim of this study was to map the spatial distribution of enchytraeids and humus forms in a study area in the Italian Alps by means of a knowledge-based modeling approach. The modeled area is located around Val di Sole and Val di Rabbi (Trentino, Italy) and includes the forested parts in the range between 1100 m and 1800 m a.s.l. Elevation and slope exposure are considered as environmental covariates. Models were implemented regarding the spatial distribution of three variables at the landscape scale: 1) enchytraeids indicating mull humus forms, 2) enchytraeids indicating moder/mor humus forms, 3) humus forms showing an OH horizon. All three models reveal a consistent trend of an increasing accumulation of plant residues and humus in organic layers from low to high elevations and from south-facing to north-facing slopes. Validation and uncertainty analysis of input data confirm these trends, although some deviations are to be expected (RMSE values from validation sites range from 26.3 to 36.2% points). Effects of additional potentially influencing variables may lead to uncertainties of the model predictions especially at positions with particular landforms (e.g. gullies and ridges). In the high mountains environmental conditions are often quite heterogeneous due to a highly variable topography, which also affects the species composition of the decomposer community and the occurrence of different humus forms

Mitochondrial evidence supports a nearctic origin for the spreading limicolous earthworm sparganophilus tamesis benham, 1892 (clitellata, sparganophilidae)

We analysed samples of Sparganophilus taken at the corners of its distribution area in Europe (UK, Germany and Italy). No mitochondrial genetic divergence within and amongst them was found, neither in COI nor in 16S. Further, the COI haplotype was also identical to two sequences from Ontario, Canada in the Barcoding of Life Data System (BOLD) database. Our European COI and 16S sequences showed only minimal differentiation (only 1 or 2 substitutions) from specimens newly collected in Illinois and Washington states (USA), as well as from a COI haplotype from Tennessee (USA) in BOLD. An additional COI haplotype from Illinois (found in BOLD) is 2.1% different from the other haplotypes but clearly belongs to the same lineage of Sparganophilus. This geographically broad but genetically compact group fits the morphological diagnosis of S. tamesis Benham, 1892 as revised by Jamieson (1971) and is seen as evidence that all European populations 1) belong to the same species, 2) derive from a recent introduction, 3) are conspecific with the most widespread species of Sparganophilus in North America, and that 4) S. tamesis is a senior synonym of S. eiseni Smith, 1895. The single European haplotype does not refute the possibility of its spread from a single introduced source population