Développement d'une stratégie thérapeutique pour la dystrophie facio-scapulo-humérale

FacioScapuloHumeral Dystrophy (FSHD) is a rare autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder. This disease is caused by a loss of epigenetic marks within the D4Z4 macrosatellite located in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4 leading to chromatin relaxation, aberrant expression of the DUX4 transcription factor and a cascade of gene deregulations. So far, there is no curative treatment for FSHD. The aim of this project was to determine whether or not targeting 3’-end key sequences involved in the polyadenylation of mRNA by antisens oligonucleotides (AOs) can be used as an efficient strategy for DUX4 gene silencing in FSHD. Indeed, cleavage and polyadenylation of the 3’-end of mRNAs are fundamental mechanisms of mRNAs maturation required for nuclear export, stability of the mRNAs and efficient translation and consequently could represent interesting targets for suppression of gene expression for gain of function diseases. For the first time, we demonstrated in vitro that targeting 3’-end key sequences involved in the addition of the poly(A) tail, such as the polyadenylation signal and the cleavage site, leads to an efficient extinction of the mRNA targeted and in particular DUX4. Because AOs have a weak cellular uptake and a rapid clearance in vivo, the sequences of the most promising AOs have been vectorised into an AAV vector under the control of the U7 promoter. The first results that we obtained with a FSHD mouse model treated with these vectors are promising. This innovating strategy appears as a therapeutic option for FSHD.La dystrophie facio-scapulo-humérale (FSHD) est une maladie musculaire autosomique dominante rare. Cette pathologie est causée par la perte des marques épigénétiques répressives au macrosatellite D4Z4 en région subtélomérique du chromosome 4, ce qui conduit à la relaxation de la chromatine, l’expression aberrante du facteur de transcription DUX4 et la dérégulation de centaines de gènes. A ce jour, aucun traitement thérapeutique n’existe pour la FSHD. Le but de ce projet était de déterminer si cibler ou non par des oligonucléotides antisens (AOs) les séquences clés impliquées dans la polyadénylation des ARNm peut-être une stratégie thérapeutique pour inhiber l’expression de DUX4 chez les patients FSHD. En effet, le clivage et la polyadénylation en 3’ des ARNm sont des mécanismes fondamentaux de la maturation des ARNm nécessaires à leur export nucléaire, leur stabilité ou leur traduction efficace. Ces mécanismes représentent donc des cibles intéressantes pour une suppression de l’expression d’un gène dans des maladies à gain de fonction. Pour la première fois, nous avons pu montrer in vitro que l’utilisation d’AOs ciblant les séquences clés impliquées dans l’ajout d’une queue poly(A), notamment le signal de polyadénylation ou le site de clivage, conduit à une sous-expression de l’ARNm gène ciblé, et en particulier DUX4. Les AOs présentant in vivo une faible capacité à pénétrer les cellules et une forte clairance, les séquences des AOs les plus prometteurs ont été insérées dans un vecteur AAV sous promoteur U7. Les premiers résultats obtenus avec ces vecteurs sur un modèle murin sont prometteurs. Cette stratégie innovante apparait comme une option thérapeutique pour la FSHD

Development of a therapeutic strategy for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

La dystrophie facio-scapulo-humérale (FSHD) est une maladie musculaire autosomique dominante rare. Cette pathologie est causée par la perte des marques épigénétiques répressives au macrosatellite D4Z4 en région subtélomérique du chromosome 4, ce qui conduit à la relaxation de la chromatine, l’expression aberrante du facteur de transcription DUX4 et la dérégulation de centaines de gènes. A ce jour, aucun traitement thérapeutique n’existe pour la FSHD. Le but de ce projet était de déterminer si cibler ou non par des oligonucléotides antisens (AOs) les séquences clés impliquées dans la polyadénylation des ARNm peut-être une stratégie thérapeutique pour inhiber l’expression de DUX4 chez les patients FSHD. En effet, le clivage et la polyadénylation en 3’ des ARNm sont des mécanismes fondamentaux de la maturation des ARNm nécessaires à leur export nucléaire, leur stabilité ou leur traduction efficace. Ces mécanismes représentent donc des cibles intéressantes pour une suppression de l’expression d’un gène dans des maladies à gain de fonction. Pour la première fois, nous avons pu montrer in vitro que l’utilisation d’AOs ciblant les séquences clés impliquées dans l’ajout d’une queue poly(A), notamment le signal de polyadénylation ou le site de clivage, conduit à une sous-expression de l’ARNm gène ciblé, et en particulier DUX4. Les AOs présentant in vivo une faible capacité à pénétrer les cellules et une forte clairance, les séquences des AOs les plus prometteurs ont été insérées dans un vecteur AAV sous promoteur U7. Les premiers résultats obtenus avec ces vecteurs sur un modèle murin sont prometteurs. Cette stratégie innovante apparait comme une option thérapeutique pour la FSHD.FacioScapuloHumeral Dystrophy (FSHD) is a rare autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder. This disease is caused by a loss of epigenetic marks within the D4Z4 macrosatellite located in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4 leading to chromatin relaxation, aberrant expression of the DUX4 transcription factor and a cascade of gene deregulations. So far, there is no curative treatment for FSHD. The aim of this project was to determine whether or not targeting 3’-end key sequences involved in the polyadenylation of mRNA by antisens oligonucleotides (AOs) can be used as an efficient strategy for DUX4 gene silencing in FSHD. Indeed, cleavage and polyadenylation of the 3’-end of mRNAs are fundamental mechanisms of mRNAs maturation required for nuclear export, stability of the mRNAs and efficient translation and consequently could represent interesting targets for suppression of gene expression for gain of function diseases. For the first time, we demonstrated in vitro that targeting 3’-end key sequences involved in the addition of the poly(A) tail, such as the polyadenylation signal and the cleavage site, leads to an efficient extinction of the mRNA targeted and in particular DUX4. Because AOs have a weak cellular uptake and a rapid clearance in vivo, the sequences of the most promising AOs have been vectorised into an AAV vector under the control of the U7 promoter. The first results that we obtained with a FSHD mouse model treated with these vectors are promising. This innovating strategy appears as a therapeutic option for FSHD

Getting physical: invasive growth events during plant development

International audiencePlant cells are enclosed in cell walls that weld them together, meaning that cells rarely change neighbours. Nonetheless, invasive growth events play critical roles in plant development and are often key hubs for the integration of environmental and/or developmental signalling. Here we review cellular processes involved in three such events: lateral root emergence, pollen tube growth through stigma and style tissues, and embryo expansion through the endosperm (Figures 1-3). We consider processes such as regulation of water fluxes and cell turgor (driving growth), cell wall modifications (e.g. cell separation) and cell death (for creating space) within these three contexts with the aim of identifying key mechanisms implicated in providing a chemical and biophysical environments permitting invasive growth events

Targeting the Polyadenylation Signal of Pre-mRNA: A New Gene Silencing Approach for Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is characterized by the contraction of the D4Z4 array located in the sub-telomeric region of the chromosome 4, leading to the aberrant expression of the DUX4 transcription factor and the mis-regulation of hundreds of genes. Several therapeutic strategies have been proposed among which the possibility to target the polyadenylation signal to silence the causative gene of the disease. Indeed, defects in mRNA polyadenylation leads to an alteration of the transcription termination, a disruption of mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm decreasing the mRNA stability and translation efficiency. This review discusses the polyadenylation mechanisms, why alternative polyadenylation impacts gene expression, and how targeting polyadenylation signal may be a potential therapeutic approach for FSHD

The Endosperm-Derived Embryo Sheath Is an Anti-adhesive Structure that Facilitates Cotyledon Emergence during Germination in Arabidopsis

International audienceGermination sensu stricto in Arabidopsis involves seed-coat and endosperm rupture by the emerging seedling root. Subsequently, the cotyledons emerge rapidly from the extra-embryonic tissues of the seed, allowing autotrophic seedling establishment [1, 2]. Seedling survival depends upon the presence of an intact seedling cuticle that prevents dehydration, which has hitherto been assumed to form the interface between the newly germinated seedling and its environment [- ]. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, this is not the case. The primary interface between the emerging seedling and its environment is formed by an extra-cuticular endosperm-derived glycoprotein-rich structure called the sheath, which is maintained as a continuous layer at seedling surfaces during germination and becomes fragmented as cotyledons expand. Mutants lacking an endosperm-specific cysteine-rich peptide (KERBEROS [KRS]) show a complete loss of sheath production [6]. Although krs mutants have no defects in germination sensu stricto, they show delayed cotyledon emergence, a defect not observed in seedlings with defects in cuticle biosynthesis. Biophysical analyses reveal that the surfaces of wild-type cotyledons show minimal adhesion to silica beads in an aqueous environment at cotyledon emergence but that adhesion increases as cotyledons expand. In contrast, krs mutant cotyledons show enhanced adhesion at germination. Mutants with defects in cuticle biosynthesis, but no sheath defects, show a similar adhesion profile to wild-type seedlings at germination. We propose that the sheath reduces the adhesiveness of the cotyledon surface under the humid conditions necessary for seed germination and thus promotes seed-coat shedding and rapid seedling establishment

A stress-response-related inter-compartmental signalling pathway regulates embryonic cuticle integrity in Arabidopsis.

The embryonic cuticle is necessary for normal seed development and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis. Although mutants with defective embryonic cuticles have been identified, neither the deposition of cuticle material, nor its regulation, has been described during embryogenesis. Here we use electron microscopy, cuticle staining and permeability assays to show that cuticle deposition initiates de novo in patches on globular embryos. By combining these techniques with genetics and gene expression analysis, we show that successful patch coalescence to form a continuous cuticle requires a signalling involving the endosperm-specific subtilisin protease ALE1 and the receptor kinases GSO1 and GSO2, which are expressed in the developing embryonic epidermis. Transcriptome analysis shows that this pathway regulates stress-related gene expression in seeds. Consistent with these findings we show genetically, and through activity analysis, that the stress-associated MPK6 protein acts downstream of GSO1 and GSO2 in the developing embryo. We propose that a stress-related signalling pathway has been hijacked in some angiosperm seeds through the recruitment of endosperm-specific components. Our work reveals the presence of an inter-compartmental dialogue between the endosperm and embryo that ensures the formation of an intact and functional cuticle around the developing embryo through an "auto-immune" type interaction

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31 127 anaesthetic procedures in 30 874 children with a mean age of 6.35 years (SD 4.50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5.2% (95% CI 5.0-5.5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3.1% (2.9-3.3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1.9% (1.7-2.1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5.4% (3.7-7.5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10 000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.86-0.90; p<0.0001), medical history, and physical condition (1.60, 1.40-1.82; p<0.0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0.99, 0.981-0.997; p<0.0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0.98, 0.97-0.99; p=0.0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia