Индикаторы развития новой экономики (сельские территории в век Интернет)

Currently, the term "information society" is widely used to define a rural economy in which knowledge and information play the decisive role, and the production of scientific knowledge becomes a source of socio-economic growth. The revolutionary emergence of information and communication technologies contributed to the development of the new economy. Therefore, the level of telecommunications spread to the country-side is one of the most important indicators of innovations. Another important indicator is the level of edu-cation, culture of the rural population. Creative person is the resource for which competitive battles will take place in the future

Организационно-экономический механизм трансферта инноваций Приуралья (на примере 'Сельского туризма')

The article is devoted to questions of organizational and economic mechanisms of transfer of innovation and improvement of the Urals this process means "rural tourism." This paper draws attention to the training of rural specialists. The authors explain the principles and means of the transfer of innovation on the example of the "Marin cliff." Just show that government, business and science, interacting, can improve the competitiveness of agriculture and successfully carried out import of agricultural products

Modeling of production processes in rural areas: management and development effectiveness

In the modern economy, the process of studying independent and alternative approaches to studying a business (organization) is happening more and more. Such alternative approaches of today include: “neoclassical theory”, “theory of transaction costs” (theory of specific assets), “theory of incomplete contracts” (theory of property rights), and also “agent theory” (theory of incentives). Such integrated systems and approaches of economics and management as “resource theory”, “knowledge theory”, “strategic theory”, “entrepreneurial theory”, “network theory”, “theory of resource dependence”, “theory of institutional isomorphism”, “theory of situational choice", "The theory of strategic choice" is currently promising and relevant. The article discusses the basic model of neoclassical theory. The main superiority of this theory is expressed in the fact that it predetermines the technological component as a whole as an economy in the broad sense of the understanding and depends on the scale of activity of the economic entity. Moreover, this theory provides for the reflection of savings in the activities of an economic entity, taking into account the scale of activity and business processes (factors) that characterize the volume of production and turnover of organizations. In the framework of the approach under consideration, a certain macrostructure is determined that incurs costs of economic resources: fixed assets, the number of employees that affect the turnover of organizations. The rational management task that the Udmurt Republic encounters is to determine the forecast for the turnover of organizations for given resources and in calculating the fixed assets necessary for its value and the number of employees. It was revealed that the rural economy of Udmurtia has a negligible effect on the scale of resources, since with a simultaneous increase in labor and capital by 1%, the turnover of organizations increases by 1.82%, and the final product is most dependent on the state of the workforce, as the current state the equipment used is in critical condition in terms of wear and efficiency

Excellent Response to OnabotulinumtoxinA : Different Definitions, Different Predictors

The identification of patients who can benefit the most from the available preventive treatments is important in chronic migraine. We explored the rate of excellent responders to onabotulinumtoxinA in a multicenter European study and explored the predictors of such response, according to different definitions. A pooled analysis on chronic migraineurs treated with onabotulinumtoxinA and followed-up for, at least, 9 months was performed. Excellent responders were defined either as patients with a ≥75% decrease in monthly headache days (percent-based excellent responders) or as patients with <4 monthly headache days (frequency-based excellent responders). The characteristics of excellent responders at the baseline were compared with the ones of patients with a <30% decrease in monthly headache days. Percent-based excellent responders represented about 10% of the sample, whilst frequency-based excellent responders were about 5% of the sample. Compared with non-responders, percent-based excellent responders had a higher prevalence of medication overuse and a higher excellent response rate even after the 1st and the 2nd injection. Females were less like to be frequency-based excellent responders. Chronic migraine sufferers without medication overuse and of female sex may find fewer benefits with onabotulinumtoxinA. Additionally, the excellent response status is identifiable after the first cycle

2.5D and 3D segmentation of brain metastases with deep learning on multinational MRI data

IntroductionManagement of patients with brain metastases is often based on manual lesion detection and segmentation by an expert reader. This is a time- and labor-intensive process, and to that end, this work proposes an end-to-end deep learning segmentation network for a varying number of available MRI available sequences.MethodsWe adapt and evaluate a 2.5D and a 3D convolution neural network trained and tested on a retrospective multinational study from two independent centers, in addition, nnU-Net was adapted as a comparative benchmark. Segmentation and detection performance was evaluated by: (1) the dice similarity coefficient, (2) a per-metastases and the average detection sensitivity, and (3) the number of false positives.ResultsThe 2.5D and 3D models achieved similar results, albeit the 2.5D model had better detection rate, whereas the 3D model had fewer false positive predictions, and nnU-Net had fewest false positives, but with the lowest detection rate. On MRI data from center 1, the 2.5D, 3D, and nnU-Net detected 79%, 71%, and 65% of all metastases; had an average per patient sensitivity of 0.88, 0.84, and 0.76; and had on average 6.2, 3.2, and 1.7 false positive predictions per patient, respectively. For center 2, the 2.5D, 3D, and nnU-Net detected 88%, 86%, and 78% of all metastases; had an average per patient sensitivity of 0.92, 0.91, and 0.85; and had on average 1.0, 0.4, and 0.1 false positive predictions per patient, respectively.Discussion/ConclusionOur results show that deep learning can yield highly accurate segmentations of brain metastases with few false positives in multinational data, but the accuracy degrades for metastases with an area smaller than 0.4 cm2

Care of patients with inborn errors of immunity in thirty J Project countries between 2004 and 2021

IntroductionThe J Project (JP) physician education and clinical research collaboration program was started in 2004 and includes by now 32 countries mostly in Eastern and Central Europe (ECE). Until the end of 2021, 344 inborn errors of immunity (IEI)-focused meetings were organized by the JP to raise awareness and facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of patients with IEI.ResultsIn this study, meeting profiles and major diagnostic and treatment parameters were studied. JP center leaders reported patients’ data from 30 countries representing a total population of 506 567 565. Two countries reported patients from JP centers (Konya, Turkey and Cairo University, Egypt). Diagnostic criteria were based on the 2020 update of classification by the IUIS Expert Committee on IEI. The number of JP meetings increased from 6 per year in 2004 and 2005 to 44 and 63 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The cumulative number of meetings per country varied from 1 to 59 in various countries reflecting partly but not entirely the population of the respective countries. Altogether, 24,879 patients were reported giving an average prevalence of 4.9. Most of the patients had predominantly antibody deficiency (46,32%) followed by patients with combined immunodeficiencies (14.3%). The percentages of patients with bone marrow failure and phenocopies of IEI were less than 1 each. The number of patients was remarkably higher that those reported to the ESID Registry in 13 countries. Immunoglobulin (IgG) substitution was provided to 7,572 patients (5,693 intravenously) and 1,480 patients received hematopoietic stem cell therapy (HSCT). Searching for basic diagnostic parameters revealed the availability of immunochemistry and flow cytometry in 27 and 28 countries, respectively, and targeted gene sequencing and new generation sequencing was available in 21 and 18 countries. The number of IEI centers and experts in the field were 260 and 690, respectively. We found high correlation between the number of IEI centers and patients treated with intravenous IgG (IVIG) (correlation coefficient, cc, 0,916) and with those who were treated with HSCT (cc, 0,905). Similar correlation was found when the number of experts was compared with those treated with HSCT. However, the number of patients treated with subcutaneous Ig (SCIG) only slightly correlated with the number of experts (cc, 0,489) and no correlation was found between the number of centers and patients on SCIG (cc, 0,174).Conclusions1) this is the first study describing major diagnostic and treatment parameters of IEI care in countries of the JP; 2) the data suggest that the JP had tremendous impact on the development of IEI care in ECE; 3) our data help to define major future targets of JP activity in various countries; 4) we suggest that the number of IEI centers and IEI experts closely correlate to the most important treatment parameters; 5) we propose that specialist education among medical professionals plays pivotal role in increasing levels of diagnostics and adequate care of this vulnerable and still highly neglected patient population; 6) this study also provides the basis for further analysis of more specific aspects of IEI care including genetic diagnostics, disease specific prevalence, newborn screening and professional collaboration in JP countries

Diffusion and perfusion-weighted imaging in the structural and functional characterization of diffuse gliomas for differential diagnosis and treatment planning

Diffuse infiltrative gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adult population and represent a range from slow-growing lesions to highly invasive tumors with poor prognosis. The growth potential and aggressiveness of gliomas depend on World Health Organization (WHO) grade and molecular features. The standard radiographic characterization of glioma is based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); a widely utilized examination for both the initial diagnosis and for ongoing post-treatment management of these patients. Despite the growing success and number of applications in neuro-oncologic imaging there are still many challenges that need to be solved with regard to diagnosis, preoperative delineation and posttreatment monitoring of gliomas. The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the value of the advanced MR techniques, as perfusion and diffusion imaging, to characterize diffuse gliomas with respect to WHO grading systems, morphologic and genetic features and to find new imaging prognostic biomarkers in order to individualize medical management. In study I we retrospectively evaluated the ability of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and relative Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBV) parameters derived from whole-tumor normalized histograms to stratify progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with diffuse gliomas grade II and III. In patients with oligodendrogliomas we found that tumors with heterogeneous perfusion signatures and high average perfusion values were associated with longer PFS, while in patients with astrocytomas, heterogeneous perfusion distribution was associated with poorer outcomes. We did not find a significant association between ADC from diffusion MRI and patient survival. Our results indicate that perfusion MRI might serve as an independent factor to predict prognosis in patients with diffuse gliomas. Study II was based on the same retrospective material as for study I. The aim was to determine whether the rCBV and ADC parameters could help differentiate genetically defined oligodendrogliomas from astrocytomas and to distinguish between WHO grade II and grade III diffuse gliomas. Several large clinical trials have demonstrated that patients with oligodendrogliomas (Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant and 1p19q codeleted gliomas) derive more benefit from chemotherapy when compared to their genetic astrocytoma counterparts. Differentiation between these two entities affects treatment strategy and prognosis. We found that patients with oligodendrogliomas showed significantly higher microvascularity and higher vascular heterogenity than patients with astrocytomas. Among diffuse gliomas, oligodendrogliomas revealed a higher cellular density. Combined use of ADC and rCBV histogram parameters had superior diagnostic performance to identify oligodendroglial tumors. Thus, imaging-based biomarkers of vascularity and cellularity may constitute a non-invasive supplement to histopathologic and molecular genetic markers and provide important information to guide future treatment. In study III we prospectively included forty-two patients with untreated IDH wild-type glioblastoma to evaluate the ability of MRI-based Restriction Spectrum Imaging (RSI) to estimate the level of cellularity (cell density in tissue) in the different tumoral zones. We also investigated the prognostic value of RSI to assess the potentially aggressive behavior of the tumor and compared it to established diffusion metrics such as mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA). The highest RSI-cellularity index was measured in the contrastenhanced zone with a negative gradient from the tumor core to the periphery of the peritumoral zone. Shorter survival outcomes were significantly associated with higher RSIcellularity index in the contrast-enhanced zone, but also in the peri-enhancing zone and near peri-tumoral zone. In contrast, MD and FA in the near peri-tumoral zone did not show any predictive value to survival outcome, which may indicate a more severe affection of MD and FA values by extracellular edema than for RSI-cellularity index. RSI provided a promising prognostic biomarker to depict tumor infiltration in the peritumoral brain zone, which can be helpful to optimize surgical procedures and radiation field mapping with significant benefits for treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that both perfusion and diffusion MRI provide reliable non-invasive biomarkers of glioma status and the information from the two imaging techniques appear to be complementary. Additionally, to further implementation of these modalities in a diagnostic work-flow, multicenter studies are warranted that would assist in standardizing imaging protocols as well as postprocessing procedures

Explainable and unexplainable wage gap between natives and immigrants with equivalent education in the Norwegian labour market

The thesis’s purpose is to analyze and explain differences in wages between natives and immigrants conditioning on equivalent education. The raw gap at the range of 11.4% is high for non-western immigrants, but it is mainly explained by education, experience, occupation, firm and employment classification. The analysis finds evidence that there are some firms that pay generally better tend to not hire immigrants. Highly educated non-western immigrants experience the highest penalties. The research utilizes administrative data over the period 1995-2014. All the calculations are executed in R

Il russo. Corso base per italiani. Conversazione. Letture ed esercizi

Letture e dialoghi per lo sviluppo della comprensione e della produzione orale del russo come lingua seconda per italofoni