The nutritional value of leaves of selected berry species

Although the medicinal properties of berry fruit are well known, there is relatively little information available concerning the applications of other parts of berry plants. Thus, in this study we determined the nutritional value of the leaves of selected berry species and their possible application in health promoting diets. The levels of nutrients, and macro- and microelements in the leaves of four species collected from allotment gardens in the city of Szczecin, Poland (53°26′17″ N, 14°32′32″ E; altitude 7 m a.s.l.) were identified: raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.), and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Sea buckthorn leaves were the richest source of protein, raspberry leaves had the highest levels of lipids, and the leaves of all four species studied were a rich source of crude fibre and dietary fibre fractions. Desirable Ca:P and Na:K ratios indicated their potential as a good source of minerals essential to bone formation and the treatment of hypertension. Sea buckthorn leaves contained high but also safe Fe levels (within recommended WHO limits) and, therefore, may become an alternative rich source of this element

Budowanie przyjaznego środowiska wspierającego efektywną naukę języków obcych. Poradnik nie tylko dla nauczycieli

Publikacja powstała w ramach projektu "Podnoszenie jakości nauczania języków obcych na I, II, III etapie edukacyjnym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem obszarów defaworyzowanych

Wizerunek średniowiecznego Żyda

Medieval Jews were perceived by their neighbors in two ways. On the one hand, as an integral part of the community, living among Christians, leading business or cooperating intellectually with them. Jewish philosophers were known and respected by Christian thinkers, like the Jewish medics - prized for centuries for their extensive knowledge and skills. On the other hand, the medieval Jew is a clever merchant, cunning moneylender that is gathering his fortune, follower a foreign religion - full of incomprehensible mysterious rituals. Although there was no shortage of sympathy, Jews were rather approached with distrust and distance. A perfect example of this is the ghetto, created in medieval times. Medieval Jew's pictures are multidimensional and very interesting. The article offers an attempt to present this diversity, discussing the Jew as a merchant, usurer, a resident of the ghetto, dissenter and a member of medieval society

Hippokrates na nowo poznawany

revie

Wczesnoszkolne nauczanie języków obcych w Polsce na tle innych krajów UE – współczesne tendencje

Artykuł z numeru 2/2013 internetowego czasopisma edukacyjnego ORE "Trendy

Tridimensional model structure and patterns of molecular evolution of Pepino mosaic virus TGBp3 protein

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Pepino mosaic virus </it>(PepMV) is considered one of the most dangerous pathogens infecting tomatoes worldwide. The virus is highly diverse and four distinct genotypes, as well as inter-strain recombinants, have already been described. The isolates display a wide range on symptoms on infected plant species, ranging from mild mosaic to severe necrosis. However, little is known about the mechanisms and pattern of PepMV molecular evolution and about the role of individual proteins in host-pathogen interactions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The nucleotide sequences of the triple gene block 3 (TGB3) from PepMV isolates varying in symptomatology and geographic origin have been analyzed. The modes and patterns of molecular evolution of the TGBp3 protein were investigated by evaluating the selective constraints to which particular amino acid residues have been subjected during the course of diversification. The tridimensional structure of TGBp3 protein has been modeled <it>de novo </it>using the Rosetta algorithm. The correlation between symptoms development and location of specific amino acids residues was analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results have shown that TGBp3 has been evolving mainly under the action of purifying selection operating on several amino acid sites, thus highlighting its functional role during PepMV infection. Interestingly, amino acid 67, which has been previously shown to be a necrosis determinant, was found to be under positive selection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Identification of diverse selection events in TGB3p3 will help unraveling its biological functions and is essential to an understanding of the evolutionary constraints exerted on the <it>Potexvirus </it>genome. The estimated tridimensional structure of TGBp3 will serve as a platform for further sequence, structural and function analysis and will stimulate new experimental advances.</p

Internet Discussion Fora: A New Sphere of Activity and a Source of Cognition of Polish Elderly from the Perspective of Foreign Language Teaching and Research

Although the Internet originated in the late 1960’s, the actual popularization of this medium took place in the 1990’s. In Poland this process was initiated, and still continues, with a few years’ delay in comparison with West European countries or the United States. However, the Internet services market has changed significantly also in Poland ever since. The Internet has revolutionized almost all realms of life. It is becoming an increasingly popular sphere of activity among not only young people but also the elderly. This, in turn, creates new opportunities to learn about the elderly and the way of their individual and social functioning. This article presents sources of knowledge of Polish Internet websites and their users. The Polish elderly as Internet users have been described here as well. The Internet discussion forum serving as a new sphere of activity and a source of cognition of the Polish elderly has been discussed. Finally, an attempt has been made to define research potential of the aforementioned sphere in terms of language education studies

Case Study in Language Teaching Studies

The presented article is an attempt at providing a systematic outline of the basic information on the case study in the context of using in the language teaching studies. Surely, it is not discovering any new knowledge. It is rather a discussion of some obvious issues which especially young researchers frequently remain unconscious of. Simultaneously, it is aimed at provoking thinking on the topic, followed by popularising this highly interesting and valuable method as it enables to study any human activity, both the mental one and the one related to social relations, on many planes. Obviously, provided specific conditions are met