Are There as Many Trademark Offices as Trademark Examiners?

Federal trademark-registration rights have grown in import, and trademark owners have taken notice. In the fiscal year of 2018, over 660,000 federal trademark registration applications were filed with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (“Trademark Office”), representing a 60 percent increase from a decade prior. Yet despite the fact that there is growing concern that the Trademark Office is routinely issuing inconsistent trademark determinations, systematic empirical studies of the administrative process of obtaining federal registration rights are virtually nonexistent. This Article begins to close this gap by conducting the first large-scale study of trademark officials, known as trademark-examining attorneys, who make the initial determination on whether to accept or decline a federal trademark registration. Utilizing a novel dataset comprising over 7.8 million trademark applications, this Article examines the extent to which trademark-examining attorneys’ determinations differ from one another. We find substantial heterogeneity in Trademark Office outcomes. Trademark-examining attorneys have wildly divergent publication rates and registration rates even while controlling for a range of characteristics of the applications. The duration of time an application is before the Trademark Office also varies considerably among trademark-examining attorneys as does whether a filed opposition is sustained

Estimating the numbers of heroin users in the ACT

This piece of research on estimating the numbers of heroin users in the ACT is a significant addition to the estimates that were derived in Stage 1 (Stevens et al.,1991). In this working paper Ann Larson discusses the need to carefully define what it is that is being estimated and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods

Mutual neutralization in collisions of H+ with Cl.

The cross section and final state distribution for mutual neutralization in collisions of H+ with Cl- have been calculated using an ab initio quantum mechanical approach. It is based on potential energy curves and nonadiabatic coupling elements for the six lowest 1Σ+ states of HCl computed with the multireference configuration interaction method. The reaction is found to be driven by nonadiabatic interactions occurring at relatively small internuclear distances (R < 6 a0). Effects on the mutual neutralization cross section with respect to the asymptotic form of the potential energy curves, inclusion of closed channels, as well as isotopic substitution are investigated. The effect of spin-orbit interaction is investigated using a semiempirical model and found to be small. A simple two-state Landau-Zener calculation fails to predict the cross section

The Self-Perceptions of Adolescents With Diagnosed Learning Disabilities

Problem: The purpose of this study was to examine the self-perceptions and knowledge of adolescents diagnosed as learning disabled have regarding their learning disability. It investigated the terminology used by adolescents in describing their learning disability. The study looked for discrepancies between the students\u27 definitions of their learning disability as found on their Individual Education Plans. Lastly, it examined the strategies used by the students when they encountered learning problems. Procedure: The research population for this study was comprised of 40 high school students enrolled in two midwestern public high schools. All 40 students had been identified as learning disabled by their school district\u27s criteria. The school district\u27s criteria met the federal guidelines as outlined in Public Law 94-142. To qualify for this study, the learning disabled students all had an Individual Education Plan on file and all had received direct, individualized instruction. All participants completed a 68-item questionnaire developed by the writer. The questionnaire consisted of 5 questions pertaining to students\u27 knowledge of their disabilities and 63 statements that were characteristic of various learning disabilities derived from the research literature and the writer\u27s experience as a learning disabilities practitioner. Students were to select items that described their learning disability. This instrument was used as a probing instrument, and students were interviewed regarding their responses. The study was essentially qualitative in nature. The responses were analyzed to determine how much knowledge students had about their learning disability, and how the labels used to identify their learning disability compared to the diagnosis on their Individual Education Plan. Conclusions: 1. The learning disabled students interviewed perceived their difficulties in terms of specific school problems they encountered academically. They did not relate their academic problems to characteristics found in their learning disability. 2. Students did not use educationally descriptive terminology. They described their disabilities in terms of difficulties they encountered in their classes. 3. A significant number of learning disabled students used metacognitive strategies in reading. 4. Students must be taught how to use cognitive strategies to become active learners. 5. Students with learning disabilities must be counseled about their handicaps

Mainstreaming: an alternative

How is the exceptional child best served by a school system? Should this child be segregated into a special class with others like himself, only to be released for physical education, and music? Will the teacher of the regular classroom accept a handicapped child in his/her room? How much supportive help will be available if he/she does? These are all questions which face educators, parents and children when the placement of a handicapped child is discussed. The major thrust of this paper was to discern whether or not mainstreaming the exceptional child is a viable, humanistic, and educationally sound alternative to the self-contained special class. In reviewing current research the writer has included articles from 1964-1974

Alcoholism instruction in diploma schools of nursing

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

Untrastructural Morphology of Bovine Herpesvirus Infected Cells

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus has been shown to cause considerable economic losses in the South Dakota cattle industry. On the average, one in ten cattle abortions are caused by this virus. This amounts to approximately $250,000 lost each year by South Dakota cattlemen. There is no way of determining the economic loss due to the respiratory infections also caused by this virus. As is the case with most virus diseases, control requires extensive knowledge of its biological, physical and chemical properties. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of IBR virus on the ultrastructure of a bovine cell culture. The work was designed to confirm the previously reported similarities of IBR virus with other herpesviruses and to resolve some of the discrepancies in the literature regarding cellular changes in response to herpesvirus infections

Research and Rhetorical Purpose: Using Genre Analysis to Understand Source Use in Technical and Professional Writing

This chapter describes a pilot study of student research-based writing in a technical and professional writing course designed for college-level juniors and seniors across the curriculum; fifteen analytical research papers are coded based on the rhetorical move John Swales (1990) calls reference to previous research to increase our understanding of how students use sources to introduce, support, or compare/ contrast ideas and previous research. Student papers in this study overwhelmingly used sources to support main ideas, occasionally used sources to introduce ideas, often in the form of topic sentences, but rarely used sources to compare/ contrast ideas. The frequency of support instances and the infrequency of compare/ contrast instances may suggest students had difficulty using sources to position their research, whereas they had no trouble using source excerpts to support main ideas in their writing. Local impacts of this study included several discussions among instructors about the purpose of the analytical-report assignment in our technical and professional writing course as well as suggestions for pedagogical intervention and ongoing programmatic assessment as a result of the pilot study