Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces

Current orthopedic implants have functional lifetimes of only 10–15 years due to a variety of reasons including infection, extensive inflammation, and overall poor osseointegration (or a lack of prolonged bonding of the implant to juxtaposed bone). To improve properties of titanium for orthopedic applications, this study anodized and subsequently coated titanium with drugs known to reduce infection (penicillin/streptomycin) and inflammation (dexamethasone) using simple physical adsorption and the deposition of such drugs from simulated body fluid (SBF). Results showed improved drug elution from anodized nanotubular titanium when drugs were coated in the presence of SBF for up to 3 days. For the first time, results also showed that the simple physical adsorption of both penicillin/streptomycin and dexamethasone on anodized nanotubular titanium improved osteoblast numbers after 2 days of culture compared to uncoated unanodized titanium. In addition, results showed that depositing such drugs in SBF on anodized titanium was a more efficient method to promote osteoblast numbers compared to physical adsorption for up to 2 days of culture. In addition, osteoblast numbers increased on anodized titanium coated with drugs in SBF for up to 2 days of culture compared to unanodized titanium. In summary, compared to unanodized titanium, this preliminary study provided unexpected evidence of greater osteoblast numbers on anodized titanium coated with either penicillin/streptomycin or dexamethasone using simple physical adsorption or when coated with SBF; results which suggest the need for further research on anodized titanium orthopedic implants possessing drug-eluting nanotubes

Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008;3(2):257-264.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527662.</p><p>© 2008 Aninwene et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</p

Scanning electron microscope images of unanodized titanium (left) and anodized nanotubular titanium (right)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008;3(2):257-264.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527662.</p><p>© 2008 Aninwene et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</p

Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008;3(2):257-264.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527662.</p><p>© 2008 Aninwene et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</p

Scanning electron microscope images of anodized titanium alone (left) and when coated with penicillin/streptomycin in simulated body fluid (right)

Scale bars = 200 nm.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Enhanced osteoblast adhesion to drug-coated anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008;3(2):257-264.</p><p>Published online Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527662.</p><p>© 2008 Aninwene et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</p

Recent advances in 3D bioprinting of musculoskeletal tissues

The musculoskeletal system is essential for maintaining posture, protecting organs, facilitating locomotion, and regulating various cellular and metabolic functions. Injury to this system due to trauma or wear is common, and severe damage may require surgery to restore function and prevent further harm. Autografts are the current gold standard for the replacement of lost or damaged tissues. However, these grafts are constrained by limited supply and donor site morbidity. Allografts, xenografts, and alloplastic materials represent viable alternatives, but each of these methods also has its own problems and limitations. Technological advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing and its biomedical adaptation, 3D bioprinting, have the potential to provide viable, autologous tissue-like constructs that can be used to repair musculoskeletal defects. Though bioprinting is currently unable to develop mature, implantable tissues, it can pattern cells in 3D constructs with features facilitating maturation and vascularization. Further advances in the field may enable the manufacture of constructs that can mimic native tissues in complexity, spatial heterogeneity, and ultimately, clinical utility. This review studies the use of 3D bioprinting for engineering bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, ligament, and their interface tissues. Additionally, the current limitations and challenges in the field are discussed and the prospects for future progress are highlighted