Evaluación de los efectos de la rotación en operadores de motosierras

El presente trabajo fue desarrollado en bosques naturales de Pinus caribaea, en la provincia de Pinar del Río-Cuba, para evaluar diferentes métodos en el corte raso con motosierra, empleando sistema de madera corta. Se experimentó la rotación del trabajo de un método de alternancia controlada de los operadores por el reabastecimiento de combustible de la motosierra (MAC) y un método con alternancia libre (MAL). En ambos métodos se utilizaron dos operadores en parejas, la palanca de empuje y la ejecución de la muesca direccional en árboles con diámetros superiores a 30 cm. Los métodos fueron comparados entre si y a su vez, con el que se aplica tradicionalmente en estas áreas (T), que consta de un operador y un ayudante que mantienen sus funciones durante la jornada, no usan la palanca de empuje, no efectúan la muesca direccional y toman descanso espontáneos. De acuerdo con los resultados el MAC es el más apropiado pues, redujo los riesgos de accidentes y enfermedades ocupacionales en los operadores de motosierras, al equilibrar y disminuir la carga fisiológica de trabajo en un 13,69%, redujo el tiempo de exposición a posturas incomodas, así como los efectos nocivos de la motosierra en un 52,08%, la productividad del tiempo efectivo se elevó en un 27,32% respecto al método (T), con la disminución de los costos de la operación, que justifican salarios básicos correspondiente al nivel del operador para ambos integrantes de las parejas.An study was carried out in the natural forests of Pinus caribaea, Pinar del Rio province, Cuba, aiming at the evaluation of the different methods used for clearcuting with chainsaw, using the cut-to-length system conducted in such a way to diminish the risks of the occupational diseases in chainsaw operators, and simultaneously to maintain the productivity levels and work quality. The rotation of the work was tested with an alternation controled method by refueling the chainsaw (MAC), and a free alternation method too (MAL). Both methods used: two chainsaw operators, the lever, and the directional felling in those trees exhibiting more than 40cm diameter. These methods were compared to each other, and to that one traditionally applied on natural forests (T), that consists of one operator and its assistant who besides maintaining their functions during this activity, do not use the lever nor make the directional felling, but rather adopt spontaneous pauses. According to the results, the MAC shows to be more appropriate because: it allows to reduce the risks of accidents and occupational diseases in chainsaw operators; provides the balance of the work physiologic load and the decreases of 13.69% in load and 52.08% in the noxious effects from chainsaw, although the productivity over the effective time showed an increase of 27.32% relative to method (T), so diminishing the operating costs that justify the basic wages corresponding to the operator's level for both integrants of the team

MERCADO DE BORRACHA NATURAL E VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DO CULTIVO DA SERINGUEIRA NO BRASIL

O artigo contextualiza o mercado de borracha natural no Brasil e analisa a viabilidade econômica da cultura da seringueira. Na contextualização utilizaram-se dados estatísticos obtidos em instituições governamentais e consulta a bibliografia, especialistas do setor, associações de classe e produtores de borracha natural. Para a avaliação da viabilidade econômica a principal fonte de dados foi advinda da Fazenda e Usina Santa Helena, pioneira na produção de borracha natural no estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de investimentos para impulsionar o crescimento da produção, visando a autossuficiência do país em borracha natural. A comercialização nacional é fortemente influenciada pelas flutuações no mercado internacional. Concluiu-se também que o investimento em produção de borracha natural a partir de seringueira é viável economicamente, com Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) de R$4.405,07/ha; Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 10,82$ 1,16 e um Benefício periódico equivalente (BPE) de R$416,36/ha/ano. Palavras-chave: produto florestal não-madeireiro, seringueira, mercado florestal, análise econômica.   NATURAL RUBBER MARKET AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF RUBBER TREE CROP IN BRAZIL ABSTRACT This paper aims at putting natural rubber market in Brazil in context and analyzing the economic viability of rubber crop. We used statistical data obtained from government institutions. We also searched specialized bibliography and talked to experts, associations and producers of natural rubber. For the evaluation of economic viability the main data source was obtained from Santa Helena Farm and Usine, the first one to produce natural rubber in São Paulo State. The results show that it is necessary to invest in order to promote production growth, so that the country gets self-sufficiency of natural rubber. The national market is strongly influenced by international market fluctuations. It was possible to conclude that investment in the  natural rubber production from rubber tree is economically viable with Net Present Value (NPV) R$ 4,405.07/ha; Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 10.82 %; Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.16 and Equivalent Periodic Benefit (BPE) R$ 416.36/ha/year. Keywords: non-timber forest products, rubber, forestry market, economic analysis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v03n02a1

Evaluación de tres métodos para el arrastre de madera en rodales naturales de Pinus caribaea var. caribaea Evaluation of three methods of the log Pinus caribaea skidding in natural set of wheels

El trabajo se realizó en rodales naturales de Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, ubicados en la unidad silvícola San Andrés, La Palma, provincia Pinar del Río. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la eficiencia y los daños causados a la cubierta vegetal del suelo durante la operación de arrastre de madera. Se evaluaron tres métodos: 1 - el arrastre de fustes enteros con yuntas de bueyes hasta los patios de carga; 2 - el arrastre de fustes enteros con tractor hasta los patios de carga; 3 - el arrastre de fustes enteros con yuntas de bueyes hasta las pistas de arrastre y con tractor hasta los patios de carga. El método de arrastre de madera que consistió en la combinación del empleo de animales y de tractor resultó más eficiente y provocó menos alteraciones a la cubierta vegetal del suelo.<br>The work was carried out in natural stand of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea located in San Andrés, Forestry enterprise of La Palma in the Pinar del Río province. The objective was determine which method of wood extraction results more efficient and reduce damages to the soil vegetable. Three method were evaluated: 1- the extraction of tree length with oxen to landing; 2 - the extraction of tree length with tractor to landing; 3 - the extraction of tree length with oxen to short distance and using tractor up to landing places. The method the extraction of tree length with oxen to short distance and using tractor up to landing places, resulted the most efficient and the one which fewer damages on the vegetable cover of the soil

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data