Seguimiento al egresado graduado del programa Ciencias del deporte y la Recreación de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 2005 - 2007

Esta es una investigación descriptiva, que caracteriza al egresado graduado en los años 2005-2007 del Programa Ciencias del Deporte y la Recreación de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira; realizada a través de un instrumento tipo encuesta facilitado por el Observatorio de Seguimiento y Vinculación del egresado, donde se estimaron medidas de: satisfacción con relación a la formación recibida por los egresados durante sus estudios de pregrado en la institución, en competencias generales y laborales generales, plan de vida laboral y académica, situación laboral actual y satisfacción e identidad con la Universidad y los recursos ofrecidos. Los resultados, arrojaron datos claves para los procesos de evaluación de la calidad tanto de la Universidad como del Programa. En este sentido, se observó a grandes rasgos que los egresados están satisfechos tanto con la formación en competencias como con los recursos ofrecidos por la universidad. Es notable también el interés de estos por participar en programas de educación continuada, postgraduada y virtual, se determinó también una gran vinculación a la empresa pública y el alto nivel de relación de sus empleos actuales con la carrera de pregrado estudiada. Sin embargo un análisis profundo de la información obtenida, permitió encontrar las deficiencias observadas por los egresados en cuanto a los tópicos evaluados. Las conclusiones obtenidas, se encargan de aclarar los aspectos mencionados anteriormente, al presentarse tanto las fortalezas como las debilidades observadas en los datos proporcionados por los egresados. Finalmente se planten las recomendaciones pertinentes para fortalecer los aspectos positivos y para invertir la deficiencia encontrada en los demás con el fin de mejorar continuamente en los procesos desarrollados por la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira y el Programa Ciencias del Deporte y la Recreación

Hurricane Flood Hazard Assessment for the Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina, Colombia

Despite the low occurrence of tropical cyclones at the archipelago of San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina (Colombia), Hurricane Iota in 2020 made evident the area vulnerability to tropical cyclones as major hazards by obliterating 56.4 % of housing, partially destroying the remaining houses in Providencia. We investigated the hurricane storm surge inundation in the archipelago by forcing hydrodynamic models with synthetic tropical cyclones and hypothetical hurricanes. The storm surge from synthetic events allowed identifying the strongest surges using the probability distribution, enabling the generation of hurricane storm surge flood maps for 100 and 500 year return periods. This analysis suggested that the east of San Andres and Providencia are the more likely areas to be flooded from hurricanes storm surges. The hypothetical events were used to force the hydrodynamic model to create worst-case flood scenario maps, useful for contingency and development planning. Additionally, Hurricane Iota flood levels were calculated using 2D and 1D models. The 2D model included storm surge (SS), SS with astronomical tides (AT), and SS with AT and wave setup (WS), resulting in a total flooded area (percentage related to Providencia's total area) of 67.05 ha (3.25 %), 65.23 ha (3.16 %), and 76.68 ha (3.68%), respectively. While Hurricane Iota occurred during low tide, the WS contributed 14.93 % (11.45 ha) of the total flooded area in Providencia. The 1D approximation showed that during the storm peak in the eastern of the island, the contribution of AT, SS, and wave runup to the maximum sea water level was -3.01%, 46.36%, and 56.55 %, respectively. This finding provides evidence of the water level underestimation in insular environments when modeling SS without wave contributions. The maximum SS derived from Iota was 1.25 m at the east of Providencia, which according to this study has an associated return period of 3,234 years. The methodology proposed in this study can be applied to other coastal zones and may include the effect of climate change on hurricane storm surges and sea-level rise. Results from this study are useful for emergency managers, government, coastal communities, and policymakers as civil protection measures

SIMULACIÓN COMPUTACIONAL DEL PROCESO GLOBAL DE BIOTRANSFORMACIÓN DE FENOL EN AGUAS RESIDUALES INDUSTRIALES DE REFINERÍAS DE PETRÓLEO

RESUMENEl presente trabajo consiste en el planteamiento y desarrollo de un modelo matemático del proceso en continuo de biodegradación de fenol que toma parte en el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales de las principales refinerías de la empresa ECOPETROL. El agua residual con compuestos fenólicos provenientes de los diferentes efluentes de procesos, es sometida a un proceso de tratamiento biológico utilizando un consorcio bacteriano altamente especializado.  En una primera fase se evaluaron cada una de las variables del bio-proceso y se planteó un modelo matemático global que describe el proceso a partir de las variables más importantes involucradas en el sistema de biodegradación del fenol. Para la cinética de crecimiento celular se utilizó la ecuación de Haldane, se determinaron los parámetros cinéticos a partir de pruebas experimentales a escala laboratorio y piloto y se evaluaron los efectos de condiciones de pH, suministro de oxígeno y componentes inhibitorios del bio-proceso. En el presente trabajo, el conjunto de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias simultáneas obtenidas a partir del planteamiento del modelo matemático, fue resuelto mediante un método numérico (Runge-Kutta de cuarto orden) utilizando Matlab 6.5. El desarrollo del modelo matemático y el diseño y puesta en marcha de una aplicación software, como herramienta metodológica, logró a partir de las interacciones virtuales con el bio-proceso, una mayor comprensión del sistema de biotransformación de fenol y la identificación de sus variables más relevantes. Palabras clave: Aguas residuales industriales, tratamiento biológico, modelo matemático y simulación. ABSTRACTThe present work is to approach and develop a mathematical model of the continuous process of biodegradation of phenol which takes part in the treatment of industrial waste water of the main refineries of the company ECOPETROL. The waste water with phenolic compounds derived from the effluents of different processes, is undergoing a process of biological treatment using a highly specialized bacterial consortium. In a first phase evaluated each of the variables in the bio-process and posed a mathematical model that describes the overall process from the most important variables involved in the biodegradation of phenol. For the kinetics of cell growth using the equation of Haldane, the kinetic parameters were determined from experimental tests on laboratory scale and pilot and assessed the effects of pH conditions, oxygen supply and inhibitory components of the bio-process. In this work, the set of ordinary differential equations simultaneously obtained from the approach of the mathematical model was solved using a numerical method (Runge-Kutta fourth-order) using Matlab 6.5. The development of the mathematical model and the design and implementation of a software application, such as methodological tool, managed from virtual interactions with the bio-process, a greater understanding of the biotransformation of phenol and identification of its variables relevant.Keywords: industrial waste water, biological, mathematical modeling and simulation

SIMULACIÓN COMPUTACIONAL DEL PROCESO GLOBAL DE BIOTRANSFORMACIÓN DE FENOL EN AGUAS RESIDUALES INDUSTRIALES DE REFINERÍAS DE PETRÓLEO

RESUMENEl presente trabajo consiste en el planteamiento y desarrollo de un modelo matemático del proceso en continuo de biodegradación de fenol que toma parte en el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales de las principales refinerías de la empresa ECOPETROL. El agua residual con compuestos fenólicos provenientes de los diferentes efluentes de procesos, es sometida a un proceso de tratamiento biológico utilizando un consorcio bacteriano altamente especializado.  En una primera fase se evaluaron cada una de las variables del bio-proceso y se planteó un modelo matemático global que describe el proceso a partir de las variables más importantes involucradas en el sistema de biodegradación del fenol. Para la cinética de crecimiento celular se utilizó la ecuación de Haldane, se determinaron los parámetros cinéticos a partir de pruebas experimentales a escala laboratorio y piloto y se evaluaron los efectos de condiciones de pH, suministro de oxígeno y componentes inhibitorios del bio-proceso. En el presente trabajo, el conjunto de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias simultáneas obtenidas a partir del planteamiento del modelo matemático, fue resuelto mediante un método numérico (Runge-Kutta de cuarto orden) utilizando Matlab 6.5. El desarrollo del modelo matemático y el diseño y puesta en marcha de una aplicación software, como herramienta metodológica, logró a partir de las interacciones virtuales con el bio-proceso, una mayor comprensión del sistema de biotransformación de fenol y la identificación de sus variables más relevantes. Palabras clave: Aguas residuales industriales, tratamiento biológico, modelo matemático y simulación. ABSTRACTThe present work is to approach and develop a mathematical model of the continuous process of biodegradation of phenol which takes part in the treatment of industrial waste water of the main refineries of the company ECOPETROL. The waste water with phenolic compounds derived from the effluents of different processes, is undergoing a process of biological treatment using a highly specialized bacterial consortium. In a first phase evaluated each of the variables in the bio-process and posed a mathematical model that describes the overall process from the most important variables involved in the biodegradation of phenol. For the kinetics of cell growth using the equation of Haldane, the kinetic parameters were determined from experimental tests on laboratory scale and pilot and assessed the effects of pH conditions, oxygen supply and inhibitory components of the bio-process. In this work, the set of ordinary differential equations simultaneously obtained from the approach of the mathematical model was solved using a numerical method (Runge-Kutta fourth-order) using Matlab 6.5. The development of the mathematical model and the design and implementation of a software application, such as methodological tool, managed from virtual interactions with the bio-process, a greater understanding of the biotransformation of phenol and identification of its variables relevant.Keywords: industrial waste water, biological, mathematical modeling and simulation

Informe especial de estabilidad financiera: riesgo de crédito - Segundo semestre de 2021

Monitorear el riesgo de crédito es fundamental para preservar la estabilidad del sistema financiero. Este informe presenta, para cada modalidad de cartera, un análisis de las condiciones de crédito y de los principales indicadores de riesgo

Informe especial de estabilidad financiera: riesgo de crédito - Segundo semestre de 2020

Monitorear el riesgo de crédito es fundamental para preservar la estabilidad del sistema financiero. El análisis que se presenta en este informe utiliza, para cada modalidad de crédito, indicadores como el de calidad por riesgo; el indicador de calidad por mora (ICM); el indicador de calidad por riesgo por operaciones; el indicador de calidad por mora por operaciones; así como la probabilidad de que un determinado crédito migre hacia una mejor o hacia una peor calificación crediticia

Compendio de las alternativas para el desarrollo de materiales que brindan las estructuras celulósicas aisladas de residuos de la agroindustria de musáceas

Desde finales del siglo XX tanto a nivel científico como tecnológico se vienen analizando múltiples tipos de estructuras derivadas de plantas que puedan ser empleadas como reforzantes o aditivos para mejorar el desempeño mecánico, eléctrico, térmico, magnético, o químico de múltiples tipos productosque pueden ser empleados en campos tan diversos como la industria textil, el desarrollo o mejoramiento de alimentos o incluso para el desarrollo de baterías o sistemas de almacenamiento de energía. Las fibras naturales, también conocidos como haces fibrosos y en especial las derivadas de plantas, cada vez másrepresentan una importante alternativa en esta línea debido a las ventajas que ofrecen tanto desde el punto de vista técnico como ambiental y económico. Dentro de las fuentes alternativas para obtener fibras naturales y la gama de subestructuras de celulosa que pueden ser aisladas a partir de ellas, los residuos agroindustriales se consolidan como una importante fuente de materias primas, en especial cuando se desea promover procesos de economía circular, o el cierre de ciclos productivos bajo consideraciones de sostenibilidad. En el presente texto se abordan diferentes alternativas de uso de las fibras naturales y sus respectivas subestructuras celulósicas que pueden ser obtenidas a partir de los residuos generados por dos de los cultivos de Musáceas más importantes de Colombia, y que corresponden al bananero y el platanero. Las alternativas presentadas en este texto, además de actuar como un compendio, también puede mostrar ejemplos que puedan orientar la investigación y el desarrollo de productos empleando los desechos de cosecha y pos cosecha de otro tipo de cultivos.Fil: Zuluaga, Robin. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Osorio, Marlon. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Velásquez Cock, Jorge. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Molina, Carlos. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Correa, Carlos. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Vélez Acosta, Lina. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Castro, Cristina. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Ruiz-Ramírez, Luis. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Serpa, Angélica. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Restrepo, Adriana. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Álvarez, Catalina. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Betancourt, Santiago. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; ColombiaFil: Montoya Rojo, Ursula Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Gañán, Piedad. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana; Colombi

Financial Stability Report - September 2015

From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governo

Descripción e interpretación geológica de las islas de providencia y santa catalina

Las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina hacen parte del Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, localizado en la cuenca Los Cayos en el Mar Caribe, al Noroeste de Colombia. Geológicamente las islas se ubican en el Rise de Nicaragua Inferior entre la Fractura de Pedro y el Escarpe de Hess (Rogers et al, 2007). Estas islas están conformadas principalmente por rocas volcánicas de carácter alcalino y calco-alcalino de edad mioceno medio y plioceno respectivamente. Se propone que la evolución geotectónica de la región parte de dos conos volcánicos erosionados cuya historia geológica está íntimamente relacionada con la evolución del Rise de Nicaragua y parte de la Placa Caribe (Rogers et al, 2007; Pindell y Kennan, 2001; Geister y Díaz, 2002). A la isla se le asocian unidades geomorfológicas de costas elevadas y bajas y en ella ocurren procesos morfodinámicos como caída de bloques, deslizamientos y erosión costera que podrían poner en riesgo la población. Económicamente se presenta explotación informal de canteras para agregados y existe la posibilidad de almacenamiento de hidrocarburos en la cuenca Los Cayos

Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2021

Banco de la República’s main objective is to preserve the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy that is intended to stabilize output and employment at long-term sustainable levels. Properly meeting the goal assigned to the Bank by the 1991 Constitution critically depends on preserving financial stability. This is understood to be a general condition in which the financial system assesses and manages the financial risks in a way that facilitates the economy’s performance and efficient allocation of resources while, at the same time, it is able to, on its own, absorb, dissipate, and mitigate the shocks that may arise as a result of adverse events. This Financial Stability Report meets the goal of giving Banco de la República’s diagnosis of the financial system’s and its debtors’ recent performance as well as of the main risks and vulnerabilities that could affect the stability of the Colombian economy. In this way, participants in financial markets and the public are being informed, and public debate on trends and risks affecting the system is being encouraged. The results presented here also serve the monetary authority as a basis for making decisions that will enhance financial stability in the general context of its objectives. In recent months, several positive aspects of the financial system have preserved a remarkable degree of continuity and stability: the liquidity and capital adequacy of financial institutions have remained well above the regulatory minimums at both the individual and consolidated levels, the coverage of past-due loans by loan-loss provisions remains high, and the financial markets for public and private debt and stocks have continued to function normally. At the same time, a surge in all the types of loan portfolios, a sharp downturn in the non-performing loan portfolio, and a rise in the profitability of credit institutions can be seen for the first time since the beginning of the pandemic. In line with the general recovery of the economy, the main vulnerability to the stability of the Colombian financial system identified in the previous edition—uncertainty about changes in the non-performing loans portfolio—has receded and remains on a downward trend. In this edition, the main source of vulnerability identified for financial stability in the short term is the system’s exposure to sudden changes in international financial conditions; the results presented in this Report indicate that the system is sufficiently resilient to such scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Leonardo Villar Gomez Governor Box 1 -Decomposition of the Net Interest Margin in Colombia and Chile Wilmar Cabrera Daniela Rodríguez-Novoa Box 2 - Spatial Analysis of New Home Prices in Bogota, Medellín, and Cali Using a Geostatistical Approach María Fernanda Meneses Camilo Eduardo Sánchez Box 3 - Interest Rate Model for the SYSMO Stress Test Exercise Wilmar Cabrera Diego Cuesta Santiago Gamba Camilo Gómez Box 4 - The Transition from LIBOR and other International Benchmark Rates Daniela X. Gualtero Briceño Javier E. Pirateque Niñ