A “alegria estética” na reflexão sobre a felicidade em Schopenhauer

In this paper, we present a reflection on happiness as seen by Schopenhauer, addressing the notion of “aesthetical pleasure” or “pure happiness”, two interchangeable concepts he presented in his metaphysics of the beautiful. Initially, we will generally approach the topic of happiness in accordance with Schopenhauerian metaphysics. Then, we will perform an analysis of the notion of “earthly happiness”, identified with satisfaction of desires, which is radically different from the concept of aesthetical pleasure. In this sense, the aim of this second section is to provide elements to be later used in the explanation of the main topic of this paper. Finally, we will examine the notion of pure happiness as a way of singular satisfaction. We will examine the status of this kind of happiness from an analysis of Schopenhauer’s psychology and mainly his aesthetics, in which it is presented and developed, and then we will analyze it as a positive and hedonistic state of satisfaction.Neste artigo, apresentamos uma reflexão sobre o tema da felicidade em Schopenhauer, voltada para exposição da noção de “alegria estética” ou “felicidade pura”, conceitos intercambiáveis expostos por ele em sua metafísica do belo. Inicialmente abordaremos em linhas gerais o tema da felicidade segundo a metafísica schopenhaueriana. Em seguida, apresentaremos uma análise da noção de “felicidade terrena”, identificada com a satisfação do querer, a qual se diferencia radicalmente do conceito de alegria estética. Nesse sentido, o intuito dessa segunda parte da exposição é fornecer elementos para serem posteriormente utilizados na explicação do tema principal do artigo. Finalmente, examinaremos a noção felicidade pura como uma forma satisfação singular. Examinaremos o estatuto dessa modalidade de felicidade a partir da análise da psicologia e, sobretudo, da estética de Schopenhauer, onde ela é apresentada e desenvolvida e, em seguida, a analisaremos enquanto um estado positivo e hedonista de satisfação

Sobre as singularidades da metafísica da moral em Schopenhauer e a significação do fenômeno de compaixão

In this article we present a characterization and defense of the phenomenological interpretation of Schopenhauer‟s moral philosophy while one of its differentiating elements in post-Kantian idealist tradition and some of his contributions to expanding the ethical discussion beyond the limits of modern rationality from the inclusion of interpretation of phenomena as a component of moral reflection. We shall begin discussing the conceptual basis used by Schopenhauer demonstrating that his understanding of the requirement of an empirical or phenomenological analysis dates back to Descartes and receives the decisive contribution from Kant, whose proposal for a transcendental idealism radicalizes the discussion of the subjective nature of our knowledge. Finally, we present Schopenhauer's analysis of the concept of compassion in order to show his form of investigation of sentiments based on an interpretation of the phenomena as a basis of significance, meaning, as a "phenomenology" or "hermeneutics", since it consists of an immanent metaphysical inquiry into the meaning of the phenomena.Neste artigo, apresentaremos uma caracterização e defesa da interpretação fenomenológica da filosofia moral schopenhaueriana enquanto um de seus elementos diferenciadores na tradição idealista pós-kantiana e algumas de suas contribuições para ampliação da discussão ética para além dos limites do racionalismo moderno, a partir da inclusão da interpretação dos fenômenos como componente da reflexão moral. Iniciaremos discutindo a base conceitual utilizada por Schopenhauer, mostrando que sua compreensão da exigência de uma análise empírica ou fenomenológica remonta a Descartes e recebe a contribuição decisiva de Kant, cuja proposta de um idealismo transcendental radicaliza a discussão sobre a natureza subjetiva de nosso conhecer. Por fim, apresentaremos a análise de Schopenhauer sobre o conceito de compaixão, a fim de mostrar sua forma de investigação dos sentimentos a partir de uma interpretação dos fenômenos como base de significação, isto é, como uma “fenomenologia” ou “hermenêutica”, pois consiste em uma investigação metafísica imanente sobre o significado dos fenômenos

TRACKING COMPETITIVE SEASON TRAINING LOAD VIA TRIMP IN A COLLEGIATE DISTANCE RUNNER: A CASE STUDY

Measuring workload objectively is challenging due to a variety of factors. One concept that assigns a numerical value to a work bout is training impulse (TRIMP). TRIMP uses time spent in physiologically significant heart rate zones to quantify session workload. Tracking average short-term workload (15-day acute training load, ATL) and long-term workload (45-day chronic training load, CTL) can be used to assess individual “fatigue” and “fitness” levels. Moreover, the difference between CTL and ATL scores (training stress balance, TSB) may be suggestive of readiness for optimal physical performance. This method has been used in elite male cyclists and recreational male distance runners, but not female endurance athletes. PURPOSE: To assess the acute and chronic aerobic training load placed upon a female collegiate distance runner by quantifying time spent in physiologically significant heart rate zones. METHODS: One individual was observed over a 6-month period during the fall collegiate cross country competitive season. Three heart rate zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) were determined by assessing heart rate during a sample training run, as well as measuring heart rate in comparison to critical velocity during a validated endurance capacity test. Heart rate was recorded with a data-storage capable, wearable bioelectrical monitor. Following the completion of each run, data files were imported into a software package that calculated TRIMP scores for the individual work bouts, as well as the moving averages used to determine ATL and CTL. RESULTS: CTL increased during the early competitive season as mileage and overall workout intensities increased. ATL generally decreased preceding competitions. Better race performances did not consistently reflect more positive TSB scores. CONCLUSION: Both ATL and CTL generally reflect subjective workload intensity over the course of a cross country competitive season. Although the TSB scores prior to important races were positive, a successful race outcome did not always occur. However, the participant’s best race performance did follow the most positive TSB score. It is likely that while TSB contributes to performance in competition, additional factors such as motivation and injury play an important role in describing race outcome

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Demonstration of Metabolic Heat Regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption Technology

Patent-pending Metabolic heat regenerated Temperature Swing Adsorption (MTSA) technology is currently being investigated for removal and rejection of CO2 and heat from a Portable Life Support System (PLSS) to a Martian environment. The metabolically-produced CO2 present in the vent loop gas is collected using a CO2 selective adsorbent that has been cooled via a heat exchanger to near CO2 sublimation temperatures (approx.195K) with liquid CO2 obtained from Martian resources. Once the adsorbent is fully loaded, fresh warm, moist vent loop (approx.300K) is used to heat the adsorbent via another heat exchanger. The adsorbent will then reject the collected CO2 to the Martian ambient. Two beds are used to achieve continuous CO2 removal by cycling between the cold and warm conditions for adsorbent loading and regeneration, respectively. Small experiments have already been completed to show that an adsorbent can be cycled between these PLSS operating conditions to provide adequate conditions for CO2 removal from a simulated vent loop. One of the remaining technical challenges is extracting enough heat from the vent loop to warm the adsorbent in an appreciable time frame to meet the required adsorb/desorb cycle. The other key technical aspect of the technology is employing liquid CO2 to achieve the appropriate cooling. A technology demonstrator has been designed, built and tested to investigate the feasibility of 1) warming the adsorbent using the moist vent loop, 2) cooling the adsorbent using liquid CO2, and 3) using these two methods in conjunction to successfully remove CO2 from a vent loop and reject it to Mars ambient. Both analytical and numerical methods were used to perform design calculations and trades. The demonstrator was built and tested. The design analysis and testing results are presented along with recommendations for future development required to increase the maturity of the technology

Derivation of an aquatic predicted no-effect concentration for the synthetic hormone, 17α-ethinyl estradiol

17 alpha-Ethinyl estradiol (EE2) is a synthetic estrogen widely used in combination with other steroid hormones in oral contraceptives and in the contraceptive patch. EE2 has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents in the low nanogram -per-liter range and occasionally in surface waters in the U.S., U.K., Canada, Brazil, Germany, and elsewhere. The mode of action is receptor-mediated, and estrogen receptors exist in mammals and other vertebrates. A large number of studies on the effects of EE2 on aquatic organisms exist. One hundred English language studies published between 1994 and 2007, one as yet unpublished study, and findings published in conference proceedings (in German) were compared to published data quality criteria to identify the most relevant studies for deriving a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). Reproduction in fish was identified as the most sensitive end point in aquatic species. A species sensitivity distribution was constructed using no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for reproductive effects from 39 papers in 26 species, resulting in a median hazardous concentration at which 5% of the species tested are affected (HC5,50) of 0.35 ng/L. After comparing this HC5,50 to all of the laboratory and field-derived toxicity information available for EE2, we recommend using 0.35 ng/L as the PNEC for EE2 in surface water. This PNEC is below 95% of the existing NOECs for effects on reproduction and is also below virtually all of the NOECs for vitellogenin induction in the key fish reproduction studies