19 research outputs found

    Bark harvesting: a potential threat for the Grandidier’s baobab Adansonia grandidieri in western Madagascar

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    The Grandidier’s baobab conveys the image of Madagascar worldwide. Locally, these trees have multiple uses; all parts of the plant are exploited by the population. We investigated the patterns of bark harvesting on the Grandidier’s baobab in three districts in the Menabe Region: Mahabo, Manja and Morondava. Following 103 transects of 1km each, we found that 54.0% of the baobab trees had been subject to bark extraction. The mean total area exploited per tree was 3.1 ± 0.2m2. Between April 2013 and January 2014, we also monitored four markets that regularly sell baobab products: Bemanonga, Mahabo, Morondava and Analaiva. Bemanonga revealed to be the largest market for the baobab bark with 21,594 straps and 34,517m of ropes recorded during the observation period. We estimate that some 9800 Grandidier’s baobab trees have been affected by debarking to supply the demands recorded over the ten months monitoring period. If this demand remains constant, all baobab trees in Menabe would be debarked within the next 39 years. Since most baobab trees have been located in hard-to-reach areas and in protected areas, bark extraction may intensify in accessible sites and populations without protected status may disappear locally. This would result in local extinction of the species within a short period. To ensure sustainable management of the Grandidier’s baobab, we recommend enriching the population by planting young baobabs, regulating access to the resources through local management structures and promoting alternatives to baobab ropes. RĂ©sumĂ©Le baobab de Grandidier est une espĂšce emblĂ©matique de Madagascar. Il Ă©voque la Grande Île dans le monde entier. Dans sa zone d’occurrence, c’est une espĂšce Ă  usage multiple pour les riverains qui utilisent toutes les parties de ce baobab. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude porte sur l’exploitation de l’écorce du baobab de Grandidier dans la rĂ©gion Menabe, plus particuliĂšrement dans les districts de Mahabo, Manja et de Morondava. Pour estimer l’étendue de l’exploitation des Ă©corces sur les pieds de baobabs, des observations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur 103 transects de 1 km de long entre avril 2013 et janvier 2014. Pour Ă©valuer l’importance des Ă©corces de baobab pour les riverains, des observations ont Ă©tĂ© conduites au niveau de quatre marchĂ©s de la rĂ©gion dans les villes de Bemanonga, Mahabo, Morondava et Analaiva au cours de la mĂȘme pĂ©riode. Au total, 21 594 laniĂšres d’écorce et 34 517 m de corde de baobab ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©s dans les quatre marchĂ©s. La plus importante quantitĂ© d’écorce de baobabs commercialisĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©e Ă  Bemanonga. À partir des donnĂ©es rĂ©coltĂ©es, il est estimĂ© que prĂšs de 9800 pieds de baobabs Ă  Ă©corcer sont nĂ©cessaires pour couvrir les besoins des riverains pendant la seule pĂ©riode d’études de 10 mois. Si la demande devait se maintenir Ă  ce niveau, tous les pieds de baobab de la rĂ©gion Menabe, dont la population avait Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e Ă  environ un million d’individus, seraient Ă©corcĂ©s au cours des 39 prochaines annĂ©es. Comme la plupart des pieds de baobab ont Ă©tĂ© localisĂ©s dans des zones difficiles d’accĂšs et dans les aires protĂ©gĂ©es, l’extraction des Ă©corces pourrait s’intensifier dans les sites accessibles et les populations qui ne bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’aucun statut de protection pourraient disparaĂźtre localement. Pour assurer la gestion durable du baobab de Grandidier, il est ainsi recommandĂ© de renforcer la population existante par la plantation de jeunes plants, la rĂ©gulation de l’accĂšs aux ressources par des structures locales de gestion et la promotion d’alternatives aux cordes rĂ©alisĂ©es avec les Ă©corces de baobab

    First Physico-Chemical and Traditional Characterisation of Lake Tseny, Northwest Madagascar

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    This study was designed to assess the biophysical structure, traditional practices and water quality of Lake Tseny in northwest Madagascar. The lake was divided into five zones: the central zone and the littoral zones (east, north, west and south). Transects and direct observation were used to estimate submerged tree and vegetation cover. Information on local traditions was collected through interviews with key people and visits to sacred sites. Water quality was assessed during the rainy and dry seasons, 2017–2018. Samples were taken twice a day, in the early morning and evening, at randomly selected points at intervals of 400m. The aquatic vegetation covered over 75% of the lakeshore. Most of the submerged tree trunks were recorded along the western area. Five sacred sites associated with eight forms of traditional taboos to reduce the potential source of water pollution were recorded in and around the lake. The lake is bowl shaped. The water was warm (T° 25.3 - 35.6 °C), slightly alkaline (pH 7.1 - 8.5), well oxygenated (DO 4.63 - 9.6 mg/l ) and less mineralised (EC 71.70 - 122.40 ”S/cm). We found a seasonal difference in water quality between the rainy and dry seasons. Results showed spatial variation in water quality between zones. A comparison of the mean values with water quality standards showed that Lake Tseny has good water conditions for domestic purposes and suitable habitats for aquatic fauna throughout the year. These preliminary results provide reference data on the lake's characteristics. Due to the increasing human activities in the area, regular monitoring of water quality and physical characteristics should be carried out

    First Physico-chemical and Traditional Characterisation of Lake Tseny, Northwest Madagascar

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    This study was designed to assess the biophysical structure, traditional practices and water quality of Lake Tseny in northwest Madagascar. The lake was divided into five zones: the central zone and the littoral zones (east, north, west and south). Transects and direct observation were used to estimate submerged tree and vegetation cover. Information on local traditions was collected through interviews with key people and visits to sacred sites. Water quality was assessed during the rainy and dry season, 2017-2018. Samples were taken twice a day, in the early morning and evening, at randomly selected points at intervals of 400m. Over 75% of the lakeshore was covered by aquatic vegetation. Most of the submerged trunks were recorded along the western area. Five sacred sites associated with eight forms of traditional taboos to reduce the potential source of water pollution were recorded in and around the lake. The lake is bowl shaped. The water was warm, slightly alkaline, well oxygenated and less mineralised. Between the rainy and dry seasons, we found a seasonal difference in water quality. Results showed spatial variation in water quality between zones. A comparison of the mean values with water quality standards showed that Lake Tseny has good water conditions for domestic purposes and suitable habitats for aquatic fauna throughout the year. These preliminary results provided reference data on the lake's characteristics. Due to the increasing human activities in the area, regular monitoring of water quality and physical characteristics should be carried out

    Les baobabs de Madagascar : quel cadre réglementaire pour leur conservation ?

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    With lemurs, baobabs are the most emblematic species of Madagascar internationally. Seven species of the nine existing in the world are Madagascan endemic. This fact testifies the high rate of the biodiversity of the island. Having signed a number of international conventions, Madagascar intends to underline its commitment to the management and conservation of its natural resources. The international system of conservation framing is used for the implementation of national strategy. Thus, in addition to the international system of conservation systems such as the CBD, IUCN or CITES, baobabs of Madagascar are considered as non - timber forest products according to Decree N. 2915/87 of 7 September 1987 related to products accessories forest even if no term is clearly stipulated in this text. Moreover, there is no regulatory framework or specific text about conservation or exploitation of baobabs in Madagascar. Protected areas are then the only protection structures for baobabs. All species of Malagasy baobabs are represented in protected areas but their representation differs depending on the distribution of each species. Except for two protected areas, the baobab is not yet among the specific targets of conservation of protected areas in Madagascar. Adansonia grandidieri is an exception. It benefits indeed from two regional frameworks that specify measures to protect the species and priority activities to be undertaken for the species with the Dinan'ny Menabe and the regional conservation strategy for the species validated in 2013. At the local level, tools and instruments governing the management transfer could constitute framing elements for the management of baobabs. Some species have in fact non-negligible economic values without forgetting the cultural and religious values of some baobab trees. The implementation of the strategy for the conservation of each species is necessary at all levels especially in protected areas as three species are classified as ‘Endangered’ by IUCN. The conservation is necessary to ensure both sustainability of the species and integrity of all uses of baobabs.   RĂ©sumĂ© Avec les lĂ©muriens, les baobabs sont certainement reconnus dans le monde comme l’un des groupes les plus emblĂ©matiques de Madagascar. La Grande Île abrite six espĂšces endĂ©miques dont trois ‘En Danger’ sur la liste rouge de l’UICN et trois ‘Quasi - menacĂ©es’. Cet article se propose de passer en revue les dispositions mises en place ainsi que les opportunitĂ©s et limites de la conservation et de la gestion durable des baobabs endĂ©miques de Madagascar. En ratifiant les conventions internationales sur la diversitĂ© biologique (CDB) et sur le commerce international des espĂšces menacĂ©es (CITES), Madagascar s’est engagĂ© Ă  assurer la conservation et la gestion durable des baobabs, plus particuliĂšrement celles des espĂšces menacĂ©es. Cependant, selon l’ArrĂȘtĂ© n° 2915/87 du 7 septembre 1987 sur les produits accessoires des forĂȘts, les baobabs de Madagascar sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme des produits forestiers non ligneux pouvant ĂȘtre exploitĂ©s et aucune disposition n’a Ă©tĂ© prise pour gĂ©rer durablement leur exploitation. La prĂ©sence des baobabs est confirmĂ©e dans 35 zones protĂ©gĂ©es mais, Ă  l’exception de l’AllĂ©e des Baobabs et de la Montagne des Français, les baobabs ne sont pas considĂ©rĂ©s comme des cibles de conservation mais davantage comme des Ă©lĂ©ments profitant d’une protection intrinsĂšque en faisant partie intĂ©grante d’habitats ciblĂ©s pour la conservation. Seule Adansonia grandidieri bĂ©nĂ©ficie de mesures de conservation rĂ©gionales par la mise en place du Dinan’ny Menabe et de la stratĂ©gie de conservation de l’espĂšce dans la RĂ©gion du Menabe. Or les pressions observĂ©es actuellement et les prospectives portant sur l’aire de distribution des deux autres espĂšces classĂ©es ‘En Danger’ que sont A. perrieri et A. suarezensis justifient la mise en place de stratĂ©gies de conservation.

    First Physico-chemical and Traditional Characterisation of Lake Tseny, Northwest Madagascar

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    This study was designed to assess the biophysical structure, traditional practices and water quality of Lake Tseny in northwest Madagascar. The lake was divided into five zones: the central zone and the littoral zones (east, north, west and south). Transects and direct observation were used to estimate submerged tree and vegetation cover. Information on local traditions was collected through interviews with key people and visits to sacred sites. Water quality was assessed during the rainy and dry season, 2017-2018. Samples were taken twice a day, in the early morning and evening, at randomly selected points at intervals of 400m. Over 75% of the lakeshore was covered by aquatic vegetation. Most of the submerged trunks were recorded along the western area. Five sacred sites associated with eight forms of traditional taboos to reduce the potential source of water pollution were recorded in and around the lake. The lake is bowl shaped. The water was warm, slightly alkaline, well oxygenated and less mineralised. Between the rainy and dry seasons, we found a seasonal difference in water quality. Results showed spatial variation in water quality between zones. A comparison of the mean values with water quality standards showed that Lake Tseny has good water conditions for domestic purposes and suitable habitats for aquatic fauna throughout the year. These preliminary results provided reference data on the lake's characteristics. Due to the increasing human activities in the area, regular monitoring of water quality and physical characteristics should be carried out

    Analyse Satiale de Population de Furcifer labordi dans la Reserve SpĂ©ciale d’Andranomena, Morondava-Madagascar

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    Furcifer labordi est une espĂšce de camĂ©lĂ©ons uniquement connue dans quelques localitĂ©s de la partie occidentale de Madagascar. Son aire de distribution est restreinte entre les fleuves Tsiribihina et Fiherenana.  Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© des recherches pour comprendre sa distribution Ă©cologique et spatiale dans la Reserve SpĂ©ciale d’Andranomena. Des investigations ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es dans les habitats proche et loin de cours d’eau, Ă  la lisiĂšre et l’intĂ©rieur de la forĂȘt et dans la forĂȘt relativement intacte et celle en rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration. Nos rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que cette espĂšce se rĂ©partit uniformĂ©ment dans les diffĂ©rents types d’habitats. Autrement dit, sa distribution horizontale n’est pas influencĂ©e ni par la dĂ©gradation de l’habitat, ni par le cours d’eau. La couverture de la canopĂ©e et la repartition des plantes selon la hauteur de l’extĂ©rieur vers l’itĂ©rieur de la forĂȘt sont des paramĂštres qui influencent cette distribution horizontale. Les oiseaux (six espĂšces) et les serpents (quatre espĂšces) prĂ©dateurs ne provoquent pas de perturbation sur F. labordi et n’influencent pas sa distribution horizontale. Cette derniĂšre n’est pas aussi influencĂ©e par l’abondance en insectes disponibles. La hauteur du perchoir utilisĂ© varie beaucoup, elle n’est pas cependant liĂ©e, ni Ă  la classe d’ñge ni au sexe. F. labordi ne prĂ©sente en gĂ©nĂ©ral aucune prĂ©fĂ©rence particuliĂšre quant au choix de plante utilisĂ©e comme perchoir. Il en est de mĂȘme pour la hauteur et les DHP de plantes perchoirs. L’espĂšce emploie similairement les parties des plantes disponibles et ne prĂ©sente pas de prĂ©fĂ©rence particuliĂšre. Toutes les classes d’ñges ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es et ne prĂ©sentent pas de prĂ©fĂ©rence particuliĂšre en terme de types d’habitats. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que la rĂ©partition restreinte de cette espĂšce pourrait ĂȘtre dĂ» Ă  la disparition de son habitat.   Furcifer labordi is a species of chameleon only known from a few localities in the western part of Madagascar. Its distribution area is restricted between the Tsiribihina and Fiherenana rivers. We carried out research to understand its ecological and spatial distribution in the Andranomena Special Reserve. Investigations were carried out in habitats near and far from watercourses, at the edge and interior of the forest and in relatively intact and regenerating forest. Our results revealed that this species is evenly distributed across different habitat types. In other words, its horizontal distribution is not influenced either by habitat degradation or by the watercourse. The cover of the canopy and the distribution of plants according to height from the outside to the inside of the forest are parameters that influence this horizontal distribution. Predatory birds (six species) and snakes (four species) do not cause any disturbance to F. labordi and do not influence its horizontal distribution. The latter is not as influenced by the abundance of available insects. The height of the perch used varies a lot, however it is not linked to age class or sex. F. labordi generally shows no particular preference regarding the choice of plant used as a perch. The same goes for the height and DBH of perching plants. The species uses available plant parts similarly and shows no particular preference. All age classes were observed and do not show any particular preference in terms of habitat types. Our results suggest that the restricted distribution of this species could be due to the disappearance of its habitat

    A conservation assessment of Rousettus madagascariensis (Grandidier, 1929, Pteropodidae) roosts in eastern Madagascar

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    We visited four cave roosts of the near threatened, and endemic, fruit bat Rousettus madagascariensis over a five year period and found major threats to the bats from hunting and deforestation. The conservation of this species is particularly challenging because it is legally hunted inside its cave roosts. Although provisional protected area status was obtained for two sites with community support, hunting continued. R. madagascariensis roosts were associated with humid forest and the loss of vegetation around caves rendered them unsuitable for the bats at two abandoned sites. A few individual hunters can have a rapid and destructive impact on R. madagascariensis roosts and future initiatives in this area should involve working with hunters to develop realistic solutions to reduce hunting. These efforts need to be supported by habitat protection measures.  RÉSUMÉ L’espĂšce de chauve-souris frugivore Quasi MenacĂ©e Rousettus madagascariensis est endĂ©mique Ă  Madagascar. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© quatre gĂźtes dans des grottes oĂč cette espĂšce a Ă©tabli des dortoirs diurnes en procĂ©dant Ă  des visites multiples au cours d’une pĂ©riode de cinq ans et avons trouvĂ© que la chasse et la dĂ©forestation constituaient les principales menaces pesant sur R. madagascariensis. La conservation de cette espĂšce est particuliĂšrement difficile dans la mesure oĂč la chasse dans ses dortoirs ou gĂźtes est permise. Bien que les deux sites abritant l’espĂšce bĂ©nĂ©ficient du statut de Nouvelle Aire ProtĂ©gĂ©e avec le soutien de la communautĂ© locale, la chasse ne cesse de s’intensifier. Les gĂźtes de R. madagascariensis sont associĂ©s Ă  la forĂȘt humide, de sorte que la disparition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation arborĂ©e autour de deux de ces gĂźtes les a rendus impropres Ă  hĂ©berger R. madagascariensis qui a fini par les abandonner. La disparition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation arborĂ©e autour du gĂźte pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’un changement de microclimat Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de la grotte qui constitue le gĂźte diurne. Les activitĂ©s de certains chasseurs peuvent aussi avoir un impact destructif rapide sur les gĂźtes de R. madagascariensis et des initiatives Ă  mener conjointement avec les chasseurs sont nĂ©cessaires pour Ă©laborer des mesures rĂ©alistes afin de rĂ©duire la chasse. De tels efforts doivent ĂȘtre Ă©tendus et appuyĂ©s par des mesures de protection de l'habitat car plusieurs autres gĂźtes pourraient exister dans les forĂȘts du versant est de Madagascar et subir les mĂȘmes pressions anthropiques. Des recherches rĂ©centes ont Ă©galement montrĂ© que l’histoire naturelle de R. madagascariensis est Ă©troitement liĂ©e Ă  la forĂȘt naturelle, de sorte que la perte de la biodiversitĂ© de la forĂȘt naturelle malgache menace les plantes dont se nourrit cette espĂšce ainsi que l’équilibre de l’ensemble de l’écosystĂšme dont elle dĂ©pend.

    Preliminary fish survey of Lac Tseny in northwestern Madagascar

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    We surveyed the fish fauna of Lac Tseny, in the Sofia Region of northwestern Madagascar, during October 2010 by observing commercial catches and targeted netting of areas used by endemic species. We recorded seven native fish species at the lake, including three endemic cichlids, a herring and a catfish. We confirmed the continued survival of the Critically Endangered Paretroplus menarambo, as well as the presence of a Paretroplus taxon that may be new to science. The commercial fishery in the lake is sustained by introduced tilapiines and the native Savagella robusta. The three endemic cichlids (Paretroplus spp.) were not targeted by commercial fishermen, but when caught in small numbers were retained for domestic consumption. Submerged trees in the west of the lake restrict fishing with nets and probably provide important habitat for P. menarambo. Priority next steps at the lake include (i) additional surveys and biological studies of the endemic fish species and the Critically Endangered Madagascar big-headed turtle, Erymnochelys madagascariensis, (ii) clarification of the taxonomic status of Paretroplus cf. kieneri and, should it prove a new taxon, its formal scientific description, and (iii) continued engagement with fishing communities and authorities to promote practices that benefit livelihoods and the survival of threatened fish species.   RÉSUMÉ La composition spĂ©cifique de l'ichtyofaune du lac Tseny, dans l'ouest de Madagascar (rĂ©gion de Sofia) a Ă©tĂ© inventoriĂ©e au cours du mois d’octobre 2010, en observant les prises des pĂȘcheurs et des pĂȘches ciblĂ©es sur les espĂšces endĂ©miques. Sept espĂšces de poissons indigĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s, dont trois cichlidĂ©s endĂ©miques (Paretroplus menarambo, Paretroplus lamenabe et Paretroplus cf. kieneri), un hareng indigĂšne (Sauvagella robusta) et un poisson-chat (Arius madagascariensis). Deux de ces espĂšces sont classĂ©es comme MenacĂ©es dans la Liste Rouge de l'UICN : P. menarambo est une espĂšce en Danger Critique d’Extinction qui n’est connue que du lac Tseny et A. madagascariensis est une espĂšce en Danger d’Extinction et endĂ©mique de la rĂ©gion de Sofia. Un des poissons que nous avons inventoriĂ© dans le genre Paretroplus semble ĂȘtre une forme non dĂ©crite. Les pĂȘcheurs ont indiquĂ© que P. menarambo est associĂ© Ă  des arbres immergĂ©s le long de la rive occidentale du lac qui offrent un habitat propice Ă  la reproduction et Ă  l'alimentation. Ces arbres immergĂ©s empĂȘchent l'utilisation des filets pour la pĂȘche et limitent ainsi la pression de pĂȘche qui s’exerce sur cette espĂšce. Les trois espĂšces endĂ©miques de Paretroplus sont prisĂ©es par les pĂȘcheurs qui les gardent pour leur consommation personnelle plutĂŽt que de les vendre. La pĂȘche commerciale pratiquĂ©e dans le lac semble pĂ©renne grĂące Ă  la prĂ©sence de tilapias allogĂšnes et du hareng indigĂšne (Sauvagella robusta) qui approvisionnent les marchĂ©s de poisson local (Tsaratanana), rĂ©gionaux (Boriziny et Mandritsara) et national (Antananarivo). Les populations locales ont rapportĂ© que la surpĂȘche, l'immigration, l’utilisation illĂ©gale de filets Ă  petit maillage et le non respect de la saison de fermeture de la pĂȘche Ă©taient les principales menaces pesant sur l’ichtyofaune du lac Tseny. Une baisse de la pĂȘche commerciale pourrait entraĂźner une ruĂ©e vers les espĂšces endĂ©miques et l'ouverture des zones d’arbres immergĂ©s pour la pĂȘche. Le lac Tseny abrite un assemblage unique de poissons qui doivent ĂȘtre protĂ©gĂ©s dans leur habitat qui est essentiel aux cichlidĂ©s endĂ©miques par le maintien d'une pĂȘche commerciale pĂ©renne. Les prochaines Ă©tapes Ă  mener en prioritĂ© pour le lac incluent : (i) des Ă©tudes supplĂ©mentaires sur la biologie des poissons endĂ©miques et de la PodocnĂ©mide de Madagascar (Erymnochelys madagascariensis), une tortue en Danger Critique d’Extinction, (ii) la clarification du statut taxinomique de Paretroplus cf. kieneri qui pourrait ĂȘtre une nouvelle espĂšce et sa description, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, et (iii) l’engagement continu avec les communautĂ©s de pĂȘcheurs et les autoritĂ©s locales pour promouvoir des pratiques Ă©quitables en faveur des populations riveraines et pour la survie des espĂšces de poissons menacĂ©es

    Understanding Livelihoods for Protected Area Management: Insights from Northern Madagascar

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    Protected areas (PA) are the most common approach to conservation globally; however, their effectiveness is unclear when neighbouring human communities are highly natural resource dependent. While forest-based livelihoods provide important income for rural communities, destructive livelihoods such as charcoal production can also threaten the sustainability of PAs. We aimed to understand drivers of livelihood choices in communities surrounding a proposed PA threatened by charcoal production in northern Madagascar, to inform management strategies that promote forest conservation without negatively impacting local communities. We used semi-structured interviews and focus groups to understand local livelihood dynamics using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF). Our findings showed charcoal production to be an important livelihood used to deal with annual food insecurity. Agricultural yields were limited by a lack of assets for clearing land and building protective fences. Households were also hesitant to invest in agriculture due to the perceived risks associated with unpredictable rainfall and cattle grazing. Furthermore, while fishing was an important livelihood for filling income gaps, declining catches due to overexploitation across the study region appeared to be increasing the need for charcoal production. While improvements to agriculture were perceived to be promising strategies for reducing forest-dependence, a landscape approach to conservation in the region will be necessary in order to promote sustainability of all livelihoods and to reduce overall pressures on forest resources
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