The influence of an oil recycler on emissions with oil age for a refuse truck using in service testing

A method of cleaning lubricating oil on line was investigated using a fine bypass particulate filter followed by an infra red heater. Two bypass filter sizes of 6 and 1 micron were investigated, both filter sizes were effective but the one micron filter had the greatest benefit. This was tested on two nominally identical EURO 1 emissions compliance refuse trucks, fitted with Perkins Phazer 210Ti 6 litre turbocharged intercooled engines and coded as RT320 and RT321. These vehicles had emissions characteristics that were significantly different, in spite of their similar age and total mileage. RT321 showed an apparent heavier black smoke than RT320. Comparison was made with the emissions on the same vehicles and engines with and without the on-line bypass oil recycler. Engine exhaust emissions were measured about every 400 miles. Both vehicles started the test with an oil drain and fresh lubricating oil. The two refuse trucks were tested in a different sequence, the RT320 without the recycler fitted and then fitted later and the RT321 with the recycler fitted and then removed later in the test and both without any oil change. The RT320 was also the one with the finer bypass filter. The test mileage was nearly 8,000 miles both trucks. The air/fuel ratio was worked out by the exhaust gas analysis. The correlation between air/fuel ratio and emission parameters was determined and appropriate corrections were made in the case of that the air/fuel ratio had an effect on emissions. The results showed that the on line oil recycler cleaning system can reduce the rate of increase of the NOx with oil age. There appeared little influence of the oil recycler on carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. The rate of increase in particulate emissions was reduced by 50% for RT320 and an immediate decrease in particulate emissions was seen on RT320 test after fitting the recycler. The black smoke was reduced by 30% for RT320 in terms average value and an immediate decrease in smoke after fitting the recycler on RT320 test and an immediate increase in smoke after the removal of the recycler on RT321 test were shown

Effects of an on line bypass oil recycler on emissions with oil age for a bus using in service testing

A method of cleaning lubricating oil on line was investigated using a fine bypass particulate filter followed by an infra red heater. Two bypass filter sizes of 6 and 1 micron were investigated, both filter sizes were effective but the one micron filter had the greatest benefit. This was tested on two nominally identical EURO 2 emissions compliance single decker buses, fitted with Cummins 6 cylinder 8.3 litre turbocharged intercooled engines and coded as Bus 4063 and 4070. These vehicles had emissions characteristics that were significantly different, in spite of their similar age and total mileage. Bus 4063 showed an apparent deterioration on emissions with time while Bus 4070 showed a stabilised trend on emissions with time for their baseline tests without the recycler fitted. Comparison was made with the emissions on the same vehicles and engines with and without the on-line bypass oil recycler. Engine exhaust emissions were measured about every 2000 miles. All tests started with an oil drain and fresh lubricating oil. The two buses were tested in a different sequence, Bus 4063 with the recycler fitted and then removed later in the test after an oil change and Bus 4070 with no recycler fitted at first and then fitted after 29,000 miles with no oil change. The Bus 4070 was also the one with the finer bypass filter. The test mileage was 45,000 miles for Bus 4063 and 48,000 miles for Bus 4070. The air/fuel ratio was worked out by the exhaust gas analysis. The correlation between air/fuel ratio and emission parameters was determined. The results showed that the on line oil recycler cleaning system reduced the rate of increase of the NOx from 5% to 1.6% for Bus 4063 and from 4.1% to 0% for Bus 4070 per 10,000 miles. Hydrocarbon emissions increased 30 ppm per 10,000 miles with the recycler removed compared to a stabilised level with the recycler fitted for Bus 4063. There was a small decrease in hydrocarbon emissions after fitting the recycler for Bus 4070. The particulate emissions were reduced by 35% for Bus 4063 and 24% for Bus 4070 on average. The reductions on total particulate mass were due to reductions on particulate carbon and lube oil VOF emissions. The black smoke was reduced by 56% for Bus 4063 in terms of rate of increase and 40% for Bus 4070 in terms of average value

Feynman-Jackson integrals

We introduce perturbative Feynman integrals in the context of q-calculus generalizing the Gaussian q-integrals introduced by Diaz and Teruel. We provide analytic as well as combinatorial interpretations for the Feynman-Jackson integrals.Comment: Final versio

Spin-charge separation in ultra-cold quantum gases

We investigate the physical properties of quasi-1D quantum gases of fermion atoms confined in harmonic traps. Using the fact that for a homogeneous gas, the low energy properties are exactly described by a Luttinger model, we analyze the nature and manifestations of the spin-charge separation. Finally we discuss the necessary physical conditions and experimental limitations confronting possible experimental implementations.Comment: 4 pages, revtex4, 2 eps figure