How Do Consumers Use Nutrition Labels on Food Products in the United States?

This study examined how consumers use food labels in the United States. Based on the results from the cluster analysis, eight nutrition label questions from the Health and Diet Survey fell into 2 categories of label usage: for shopping or for dietary decisions. Survey respondents reported equal or more consideration of nutrition-label information for dietary choices than for shopping decisions in 2008 compared with prior survey years. Female consumers, frequent label users, well-educated, consumers aged 50 to 59, or consumers with any health issues were significantly more likely to use food labels for all kinds of purposes than their corresponding counterparts

Macrophage transactivation for chemokine production identified as a negative regulator of granulomatous inflammation using agent-based modeling

Cellular activation in trans by interferons, cytokines and chemokines is a commonly recognized mechanism to amplify immune effector function and limit pathogen spread. However, an optimal host response also requires that collateral damage associated with inflammation is limited. This may be particularly so in the case of granulomatous inflammation, where an excessive number and / or excessively florid granulomas can have significant pathological consequences. Here, we have combined transcriptomics, agent-based modeling and in vivo experimental approaches to study constraints on hepatic granuloma formation in a murine model of experimental leishmaniasis. We demonstrate that chemokine production by non-infected Kupffer cells in the Leishmania donovani-infected liver promotes competition with infected KCs for available iNKT cells, ultimately inhibiting the extent of granulomatous inflammation. We propose trans-activation for chemokine production as a novel broadly applicable mechanism that may operate early in infection to limit excessive focal inflammation

The heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of crystalline and liquid triptycene

The heat capacity of the propeller-shaped molecule triptycene (C20H14) was measured from 5 to 550 K. No anomaly other than melting was apparent, and the sample (99.999 per cent pure, as determined by analysis of the melting curve) melted at 527.18 K ([Delta]mS = 13.73 cal mol-1 K-1). The crystal density, determined from X-ray measurements, was 1.227 g cm-3. A comparison of the heat capacity of triptycene with that of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane showed that the two were simply related at low temperatures, but that the comparison was not valid beyond 164.25 K where bicyclo-octane has a transition to a restricted-rotor phase. The values of Cp, So (Ho - H0o)/T, and -(Go - H0o)/T for triptycene at 298.15 K were found to be 67.56, 65.48, 33.23, and -32.25 cal mol-1 K-1.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32841/1/0000217.pd

Heat capacity and vapor pressure of crystalline bis(benzene)chromium. Third-law entropy comparison and thermodynamic evidence concerning the structure of bis(benzene)chromium

Heat capacity measurements from 5 to 350[deg] K and vapor pressure measurements on bis(benzene)chromium together with the published frequency assignments permit a correlation between the third-law and spectroscopic entropies. Neither thermal anomalies nor zero point entropy were found. The agreement is consistent with free rotation about the ring to metal bonds and D6h symmetry for the molecule as proposed by Cotton. The thermodynamic functions for the crystal at 298.15[deg]K are 53.52, 54.07, 26.77, and -27.30 cal [middle dot] mole-1 [deg]K-1 for the heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy function, and Gibbs function, respectively. The vapor pressure over the range 310 to 365[deg]K is represented by log10p (mm) = 27.42-5451/T-5.535 log10T, (T in [deg]K).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32975/1/0000359.pd

Linking the 8.2 ka Event and its Freshwater Forcing in the Labrador Sea

The 8.2 ka event was the last deglacial abrupt climate event. A reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) attributed to the drainage of glacial Lake Agassiz may have caused the event, but the freshwater signature of Lake Agassiz discharge has yet to be identified in (delta)18O of foraminiferal calcite records from the Labrador Sea, calling into question the connection between freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic and AMOC strength. Using Mg/Ca-paleothermometry, we demonstrate that approx. 3 C of near-surface ocean cooling masked an 1.0 % decrease in western Labrador Sea (delta)18O of seawater concurrent with Lake Agassiz drainage. Comparison with North Atlantic (delta)18O of seawater records shows that the freshwater discharge was transported to regions of deep-water formation where it could perturb AMOC and force the 8.2 ka event

An adiabatic calorimeter for use at superambient temperatures. The heat capacity of synthetic sapphire ([alpha]-Al2O3) from 300 to 550 K

We report the construction of a superambient temperature adiabatic heat-capacity calorimeter which has been successfully operated from 300 to 550 K. We detail results on the heat capacity of a portion of the Calorimetry Conference sample for [alpha]-Al2O3. These results are compared with those of other investigators.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22771/1/0000326.pd

The enthalpies of combustion and formation of [2.2]-paracyclophane and triptycene

The enthalpies of combustion, ΔHoc, for crystalline [2.2]-paracyclophane (C16H16) and triptycene (C20H14) have been measured by oxygen combustion calorimetry. The derived standard enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K in the crystalline state are (34.59±0.19) and (51.87±0.20) kcalth mol-1. The strain present in these molecular systems is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33825/1/0000082.pd

Roles of residues 3 and 4 in cyclic tetrapeptide ligand recognition by the Κ -opioid receptor

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75723/1/j.1399-3011.2005.00220.x.pd

Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk

Gravitational forces are expected to excite spiral density waves in protoplanetary disks, disks of gas and dust orbiting young stars. However, previous observations that showed spiral structure were not able to probe disk midplanes, where most of the mass is concentrated and where planet formation takes place. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array we detected a pair of trailing symmetric spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk surrounding the young star Elias 2-27. The arms extend to the disk outer regions and can be traced down to the midplane. These millimeter-wave observations also reveal an emission gap closer to the star than the spiral arms. We argue that the observed spirals trace shocks of spiral density waves in the midplane of this young disk.Comment: This is our own version of the manuscript, the definitive version was published in Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8296) on September 30, 2016. Posted to the arxiv for non-commercial us