Effort and Comparison Income : Survey and Experimental Evidence

This paper combines ISSP survey data and experimental evidence from a gift-exchange game to determine the effect of status or relative income on work effort. We find a strong effect of others' incomes on individual effort decisions in both datasets. The individual's rank in the income distribution has a more powerful effect on effort than does others' average income, suggesting that comparisons are more ordinal than cardinal. We further show that, controlling for own income and income rank, the width of the relevant income distribution matters, with effort increasing in the distance from the bottom of the income distribution. Last, effort is also affected by comparisons over time: those who received higher income offers or had higher income rank in the past exert lower levels of effort for a given current incomecomparison income ; effort ; experiment ; income distribution ; peak-end ; rank

Never the Same After the First Time: The Satisfaction of the Second-Generation Self-Employed

Previous empirical work has shown that the self-employed are generally more satisfied than salaried workers. This paper contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First, using French data from the ECHP and British data from the BHPS, we investigate the domains over which this differential operates. We show that, after controlling for occupation, self-employed workers are generally more satisfied with working conditions and pay, but less satisfied than employees with respect to job security. We then consider the differences between the first- and second-generation self-employed. The first-generation self-employed (those whose parents were not self-employed) are more satisfied overall than are the second-generation self-employed. We argue that this finding is consistent with the self-employed partly comparing their labor market outcomes with those of their parents, as well as parental transfers which loosen the self-employment participation constraint. This result is found in both pooled and panel analysis.self-employment, satisfaction, intergenerational comparisons, parents

Effort and comparison income: experimental and survey evidence

The authors test the hypothesis that individual effort on the job depends both on one's own income and on the individual's position in the relevant income distribution. Combining experimental evidence from a gift-exchange game with multi-country ISSP survey data, they analyze the extent to which relative income affects an individual's effort, finding that an individual's rank in the income distribution more strongly determines effort than does others' average income, which suggests that comparisons are more ordinal than cardinal. Their experiment also reveals that comparisons over time affect effort: individuals who received higher income offers or enjoyed higher income rank in the past exerted lower levels of effort for a given current income and rank.Experimental economics ; personnel economics ; comparison income

Never the same after the first time: The satisfaction of the second-generation self-employed

Previous empirical work has shown that the self-employed are generally more satisfied than salaried workers. This paper contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First, using French data from the ECHP and British data from the BHPS, we investigate the domains over which this differential operates. We show that, after controlling for occupation, self-employed workers are generally more satisfied with working conditions and pay, but less satisfied than employees with respect to job security. We then consider the differences between the first- and second-generation self-employed. The first-generation self-employed (those whose parents were not self-employed) are more satisfied overall than are the second-generation self-employed. We argue that this finding is consistent with the self-employed partly comparing their labor market outcomes with those of their parents, as well as parental transfers which loosen the self-employment participation constraint. This result is found in both pooled and panel analysis.satisfaction ; self-employment ; parents ; intergenerational comparisons

“No Shut-off” Policies and Natural Gas Consumption

Many U.S. states have regulations that prevent natural gas utility companies from turning off service to non-paying consumers. The goal of these policies, termed “no shut-off” (NSO) regulations, is to provide a guaranteed minimum level of residential comfort by reducing the marginal cost of consumption to zero for a period of time. This paper employs a difference-in-difference approach applied to residential U.S. Energy Information Administration data to evaluate whether NSO policies generate higher levels of gas usage. Our preferred specifications suggest that activation of a NSO policy increases natural gas consumption by between 4.7–4.8%, resulting in a total increase of between 66 and 67 billion cubic feet of natural gas consumed per winter season in covered states, at a value of as much as $950–970 million annually

Application Of Ultrasonic Technology To Improve The Reliability Of Magnetic-Drive Centrifugal Pumps

LectureIt is widely acknowledged that sealless magnetic drive pumps give total containment of the pumped process liquid, which in an industry where there are ever tightening environmental constraints on plant operation and increasing health and safety requirements, offers a real advantage of reliability and safety to users. However, as with any piece of process machinery, magnetic drive pumps are designed to operate within specific parameters and operation outside of these parameters can lead to reduced levels of reliability. Whilst traditional instrumentation (measurement of temperature or power) will assist in improving the reliability of the machine, these instruments are not monitoring the primary cause of the issue; instead they are monitoring the effect that the fault condition has on another part of the machine. By constantly monitoring the condition of the pumped liquid present in the internal flow regime of a magnetic-drive pump, it is possible to rapidly identify potential issues and react to them accordingly. Ultrasonic technology has been utilised to rapidly and accurately detect the presence of vapour in the liquid stream. The technology provides a precise and sensitive response to even the smallest change in phase, therefore improving the overall reliability of the machine. This paper presents an overview of the ultrasonic technology that has been utilised to monitor the condition of magnetic-drive centrifugal pumps, including highlights of extensive testing that has been carried out and some real world examples involving the application of this technology on volatile light hydrocarbon processes

Effort and comparison income: experimental and survey evidence

International audienc

Large‐scale hydro‐climatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system

The large‐scale hydro‐climatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system is examined, focusing on the period 1960 onward. Special attention is paid to the Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Mackenzie watersheds, which provide the bulk of freshwater discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Station data are used to compile monthly gridded time series of gauge‐corrected precipitation (P). Gridded time series of precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P−ET) are calculated from the moisture flux convergence using NCEP reanalysis data. Estimates of ET are obtained as a residual. Runoff (R) is obtained from available discharge records. For long‐term water‐year means, P−ET for the Yenisey, Lena, and Mackenzie watersheds is 16–20% lower than the observed runoff. In the Ob watershed, the two values agree within 9%. Given the uncertainties in P−ET, we consider the atmospheric and surface water budgets to be reasonably closed. Compared to the other three basins, the mean runoff ratio (R/P) is lower in the Ob watershed, consistent with the high fraction of annual precipitation lost through ET. All basins exhibit summer maxima in P and minima in P−ET. Summer P−ET in the Ob watershed is negative due to high ET rates. For large domains in northern Eurasia, about 25% of July precipitation is associated with the recycling of water vapor evapotranspirated within each domain. This points to a significant effect of the land surface on the hydrologic regime. Variability in P and P−ET has generally clear associations with the regional atmospheric circulation. A strong link with the Urals trough is documented for the Ob. Relationships with indices of the Arctic Oscillation and other teleconnections are generally weak. Water‐year time series of runoff and P−ET are strongly correlated in the Lena watershed only, reflecting extensive permafrost. Cold‐season runoff has increased in the Yenisey and Lena watersheds. This is most pronounced in the Yenisey watershed, where runoff has also increased sharply in spring, decreased in summer, but has increased for the year as a whole. The mechanisms for these changes are not entirely clear. While they fundamentally relate to higher air temperatures, increased winter precipitation, and strong summer drying, we speculate links with changes in active layer thickness and thawing permafrost

Effort, revenu et rang : une étude expérimentale

Cet article relate les résultats d'une expérience portant sur l'effet des comparaisons de salaire sur les décisions d'effort. Les individus comparent leur salaire avec ceux des membres de leur groupe de référence et cela affecte leurs décisions. À salaire égal, les individus situés à un rang plus faible dans la hiérarchie des salaires fournissent significativement moins d'effort que les autres. Ils comparent également leur propre situation salariale au cours du temps et, à salaire et rang donnés, ils réduisent leur effort en réaction à un déclassement salarial ou social.effort; revenu; rang; expérimentation

Tectonometamorphic history of mid-crustal rocks at Aishihik Lake, southwest Yukon

Field mapping, petrography, thermodynamic modelling, and U-Pb (monazite and zircon) and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology reveal the tectonometamorphic history of polydeformed, amphibolite-facies rocks near Aishihik Lake, Yukon. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages suggest that these rocks are correlative to the Snowcap assemblage of the Yukon Tanana terrane. A penetrative regional foliation (S1) developed during the late Paleozoic, as S1 is cross-cut by a late Permian pluton. Permian plutons also exhibit less strain than Mississippian plutons near Aishihik Lake. The main foliation (S2) reflects west-verging, ductile shear (D2) during amphibolite facies metamorphism. Dating of Low-Y metamorphic monazite constrains the timing of D2 to 200-190 Ma. Peak T and P during D2 were 640-650 °C and ~7 kbar, respectively. High-Y monazite ages date regional decompression at ca. 188 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology results indicate regional cooling through muscovite closure at ca. 175 Ma, whereas ca. 126 Ma biotite may reflect cooling following east-verging Jura-Cretaceous deformation (D3)