Manual for Ageing and Sexing Birds of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park and Northcentral Chile, with Notes on Range and Breeding Seasonality

Bosque Fray Jorge National Park (hereafter Fray Jorge ) comprises 9,959 ha on the coast of Chile’s Region IV (Coquimbo), approximately 400 km north of Santiago and 100 km south of La Serena (30°41’S, 71°40’W) (Fig. 1). It is a Biosphere Reserve and has been protected from grazing and disturbance since 1941 (Squeo et al. 2004). As such, it is a biotic oasis surrounded by agricultural and increasingly disturbed terrain (Bahre 1979). The climate is Mediterranean, with ca. 130 mm of annual precipitation measured since 1989 at an on-site meteorological station, 90% falling in winter (May-Sept). Summers are warm and dry, although fog and coastal clouds are common. Vegetation is characterized as coastal matorral steppe (Gajardo 1994), generally spiny and drought-deciduous or evergreen, with heavy shrub cover (ca. 50-60%; Meserve et al. 2009) and understory herbs on a primarily sandy substrate (Gutiérrez et al. 2010).https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/spmns/1001/thumbnail.jp

Manual para Estimar Edad y Sexo en Aves del Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge y Chile Central, con Notas sobre Rangos de Distribución y Estación Reproductiva

El Parque Nacional Fray Jorge (en adelante Fray Jorge ) comprende 9.959 ha. en la costa de la IV Región de Chile (Coquimbo), a unos 400 km al norte de Santiago y a 100 km al sur de La Serena (30 ° 41\u27S, 71 ° 40\u27W) (Fig. 1). Se trata de una Reserva de la Biosfera que se ha protegido del pastoreo y las perturbaciones antrópicas desde 1941 (Squeo et al. 2004). Como tal, es un oasis biótico rodeado de áreas agrícolas cada vez más intervenidas por el hombre (Bahre 1979). El clima es mediterráneo, con 130 mm de precipitación anual, la que cae 90% en invierno (May-Sep) y es medida desde 1989 en una estación meteorológica en el lugar. Los veranos son cálidos y secos, aunque la niebla y las nubes costeras son frecuentes. La vegetación se caracteriza por la estepa matorral costero (Gajardo 1994), generalmente espinosa y hojas caducas de verano -períodos de sequías- o perennes, con densa cobertura de arbustos (aproximadamente 50-60%; Meserve et al. 2009) y hierbas de sotobosque en un sustrato principalmente de arena (Gutiérrez et al. 2010).https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/spmns/1000/thumbnail.jp

Status and Population Trends of Hawaii\u27s Native Waterbirds, 1977-1987

Volume: 105Start Page: 142End Page: 15

Cyrtodactylus hitchi Riyanto, Kurniati & Engilis, 2016, sp. nov.

<i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> sp. nov. Riyanto, Kurniati & Engilis <p>English common name: Hitch’s Bent-toed Gecko Indonesia common name: Cicak Jari Lengkung Hitch (Figs 2–6)</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> MZB.Lace.8642, an adult male from Camp 3, desa Tinukari, kecamatan Wawo, kabupaten Kolaka Utara, Mekongga Mountains (03.6399o S; 121.14974o E, 936 m asl), South East Sulawesi Province, Indonesia; collected by Hellen Kurniati and Wahyu Trilaksono on 3 December 2010.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> MZB.Lace.8635–36, 8640–41, 8643–48, MWFB 1054, 1116, from between 0 3.635943 – 0 3.63994o S; 121. 148971 – 121.16268 o E; alt.; 934–1103 m asl collected 25 November – 7 December 2010.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A small-sized <i>Cyrtodactylus</i> with SVL up to 70.3 mm in males, 79.0 mm in females; 18–20 irregularly aligned rows of keeled tubercles; 27–30 paravertebral tubercles; 40–45 ventral scales between ventrolateral folds; ventrolateral folds with tubercles; no precloacal groove; no precloacal pores; no enlarged femoral and precloacal scales; no femoral pores; 18–20 lamellae beneath fourth toe; smooth transition between rows of large and small postfemoral and ventral femoral scales; and greatly enlarged transverse median subcaudal scales arranged in a single row.</p> <p> <b>Description of Holotype.</b> An adult male, SVL 70.39 mm; head moderately long (HL/SVL=0.30), relatively narrow (HW/HL=0.65), depressed (HH/HL=0.39), distinct from neck; lores and interorbital regions concave; canthus rostralis prominent and rounded; frontonasal region concave; snout elongate (ES/HL=0.44), relatively pointed, longer than ED (ED/ES=0.63). Scales on snout and forehead small, rounded, granular, homogeneous; eye large (ED/HL=0.28) with vertical pupil; supraciliaries short; ear opening oval, large (EarL/HL=0.15); EE>ED (EE/ ED=0.93); rostral incompletely divided dorsally by a shallow Y-shaped groove; two enlarged supranasals separated from one another by a three intersupranasals, the supranasals and intersupranasal completely surrounded by the smaller scales; naris oval, bordered by rostral anteriorly, first supralabial ventrally, one supranasal dorsally, and three small postnasals posteriorly; orbit separated from supralabials by a row of small scales; mental triangular, wider (2.9 mm) than deep (1.9 mm), bordered anterolaterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by paired elongate primary postmentals that contact medially for 40% of their posterior sections (Fig. 4 A); primary postmentals bordered by two enlarged secondary postmentals and three slightly large gular scales (Fig. 4 A); both right and left sides consist of 12 supralabials counted to the rictus, 9 counted to the midpoint of the eye; 10 infralabial scales counted to the rictus.</p> <p>Body elongate (AGL/SVL=0.45); ventrolateral folds small, with scattered rounded tubercles; ventral region with relatively homogeneous, smooth scales; dorsal scales small, granular, with scattered irregular, relatively enlarged keeled tubercles; 20 irregular longitudinal rows of tubercles at midbody; smallest tubercles on flanks and in the frontal region; 19 irregular transverse rows of tubercles between limbs. Ventral scales much larger than dorsal scales, smooth, round, subimbricate, largest posteriorly; 42 ventral scale rows at midbody between ventrolateral folds; no precloacal groove; no precloacal pores; no enlarged femoral scales; no femoral pores; smooth transition between rows of large and small postfemoral and ventral femoral scales (Fig. 5 A); scales on palmar surfaces granular, juxtaposed; scales on plantar surfaces and hind limbs granular, juxtaposed.</p> <p>Forelimbs and hind limbs relatively robust (FL/SVL=0.18; TBL/SVL=0.19); digits well developed, inflected at basal interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae transversely expanded proximal to joint inflections, all bearing slightly curved claws; basal subdigital lamellae nearly as broad as digits; subdigital lamellae on manus I(13) II(14) III(16) IV(17) V(15), not including ventral claw sheath; count of subdigital lamellae on pes I(16) II(15) III(19) IV(20) V(18), not including ventral claw sheath; relative length of fingers IV>III>V>II>I and toes IV>V> III> II> I, the first toe is very short.</p> <p>Tail cylindrical but broken at the tip; dorsally tubercles keeled from the base of tail to approximately 1/3 tail length. The tubercles are arranged in 11 irregular rings with each ring consisting of four tubercles with each separated by seven to nine small transverse scale rows; ventrally transversely enlarged median subcaudal scales arranged in a single row, these scales are smooth and hexagonal in form (Fig. 6 A); three postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail base.</p> <p> <b>Coloration in Life.</b> A strikingly marked <i>Cyrtodactylus</i>. Ground color of dorsum uniformly velvety brown, tubercles the same color as background. Four pairs of overlapping “ <b>><”</b> shaped irregular yellow transverse bands between nape and base of tail and 10 similar markings on the tail, the first three being more or less similar to the dorsal pattern, the remainder less distinct in form with yellow spots and crosses. The areas within the overlapping “ <b>><”</b> shaped marks are lighter compared to the dorsum. A yellow line borders the posterior margin of the head. Limbs with irregular yellow bands or spots at various angles; distinct yellow bars at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint; head coloration slightly lighter than dorsum, faintly marbled with yellow spots which are variable in size, a yellow line running along superciliaries to occiput, enclosing parietal region of head and posterior part of canthus rostralis; nape with a broad dark V-shaped bordered by yellow; rostral as dark as body coloration with yellow spots; iris greenish metallic during daylight (Fig. 3); lateral surfaces similar to dorsum but with yellow tubercles, sparsely arranged on the flanks, strongly contrasted with velvety black base color; venter and undersides of limbs uniformly blackish, ventral scales with numerous fine purple flecks covering otherwise pale scales. Pattern remains clearly evident in preserved specimens (Fig. 2), although yellow areas fade to white.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> For other detailed measurements and character states for the entire type series see Table 1.</p> <p> <b>Natural History.</b> All specimens were collected from secondary forest in various microhabitats such as on vegetation along streams, along rivers and foot paths, and on tree trunks and fallen logs (Fig. 7). <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> appears to have a relatively narrow elevational range corresponding to hill forest habitat ranging from 900–1100 m asl. We did not encounter the species above 1200 m asl and below 900 m asl. It is replaced below 500 m by <i>C. jellesmae</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive singular case, honoring Dr. Alan Thomas Hitch for his friendship and as the field leader of expeditions to the Mekongga.</p> <p> <b>Species comparisons.</b> <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is distinguished from all other congeners from Sundaland, Wallacea, and Eastern Indonesia except <i>C. batik</i>, <i>C. jellesmae</i>, <i>C. wallacei</i> by having the following unique combination of characters: no precloacal groove, no precloacal or femoral pores and absent enlarged femoral scales.</p> <p> The new species differs from <i>C. batik</i> in having a smaller SVL (79 mm <i>versus</i> 114.6 mm), fewer dorsal tubercles (18–20 <i>versus</i> 23–26), fewer lamellae under fourth toe (18–21 <i>versus</i> 24–27) and transversely enlarged median subcaudal scales arranged in a single row (as opposed to transversely enlarged median subcaudal scales in single row mixed with paired median subcaudal scales, Fig. 6 A,B). It is distinguished from <i>C. fumosus</i> in having “><” shaped dorsal pattern (as opposed to blotched dorsal pattern), lacking a precloacal groove, absence of precloacal and femoral pores, absent enlarged femoral and precloacal scales, elongated primary postmentals that contact medially for 40% of their posterior sections (as opposed to having ~70% contact posteromedially), smooth transition between rows of large and small postfemoral and ventral femoral scales (as opposed abrupt); and have transversely enlarged median sub-caudal scales arranged in a single row (as opposed absent). Distinguished from <i>C. jellesmae</i> in having enlarged median subcaudal scales and “><” shaped dorsal pattern (as opposed to “V” shaped pattern) and transversely enlarged median subcaudal scales with arrangement in a single row (as opposed to a fragmented pattern, <i>see</i> Fig. 6 A,D). It is distinguished from <i>C. spinosus</i> in having fewer dorsal tubercles (18–20 <i>versus</i> 25–30), lacking a precloacal groove, lacking precloacal pores, lacking spines on the ventrolateral folds, and having primary postmentals in contact medially (as opposed to separated, see Fig. 4 A,D) and having “><” shaped dorsal pattern (as opposed to “V” shaped pattern). Finally it is distinguished from <i>C. wallacei</i> in having smaller maximum SVL (79 mm versus 113.6 mm), fewer lamellae under fourth toes (18–21 <i>versus</i> 24–25) and transversely enlarged median subcaudal scales with arrangement in a single row (as opposed to smaller, variable size scales, see Fig. 6 A,C).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> lacks a precloacal groove which separates it from several species including: <i>C. aurensis</i> Grismer, <i>C. astrum</i> Grismer Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels, <i>C. autralotitiwangsaensis</i> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels, <i>C. bintangtinggi</i> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels, <i>C. bintangrendah</i> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels, <i>C. cavernicolus</i> Inger & King, <i>C. durio</i> Grismer, Anuar, Quah, Muin, Onn, Grismer & Ahmad, <i>C. fumosus</i>, <i>C. halmahericus</i> (Mertens), <i>C. hikidai</i> Riyanto, <i>C. klakahensis</i> Hartmann, Mecke, Kieckbusch & Kaiser, <i>C. langkawiensis</i> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels, <i>C. lekaguli</i> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels, <i>C. macrotuberculatus</i> Grismer & Ahmad, <i>C. marmoratus</i> (Gray), <i>C. metropolis</i> Grismer, Wood, Onn, Anuar & Muin, <i>C. nuaulu</i> Oliver, Edgar, Mumpuni, Iskandar & Lilley, <i>C. papuaensis</i> (Brongersma), <i>C. payacola</i> Johson, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Wood, Grismer, Greer, Onn, Ahmad, Bauer & Grismer, <i>C. pubisulcus</i> Inger, <i>C. pulchellus</i> Gray, <i>C. semenanjungensis</i> Grismer & Leong, <i>C. spinosus</i> Linkem, McGuire, Hayden, Setiadi, Bickford & Brown, <i>C. stresemanni</i> R ӧsler & Glaw and <i>C. trilatofasciatus</i> Grismer, Wood, Quah, Anuar, Muin, Sumontha, Ahmad, Bauer, Wangkulangkul, Grismer & Pauwels.</p> <p> <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> lacks precloacal pores which separates it from: <i>C. aurensis</i>, <i>C. baluensis</i>, <i>C. batucolus</i> Grismer, Onn, Grismer, Wood & Belabut, <i>C. boreoclivus</i> Oliver, Krey, Mumpuni & Richards, <i>C. brevipalmatus</i> (Smith), <i>C. cavernicolus</i>, <i>C. consobrinus</i> (Peters), <i>C. deveti</i> (Brongersma), <i>C. durio</i>, <i>C. elok</i> Dring, <i>C. fumosus</i>, <i>C. halmahericus</i>, <i>C. hikidai</i>, <i>C. ingeri</i> Hikida, <i>C. irianjayaensis</i> Rösler, <i>C. lateralis</i> (Werner), <i>C. klakahensis, C. leegrismeri</i> Chan & Norhayati, <i>C. loriae</i> (Boulenger), <i>C. majulah</i> Grismer, Wood & Lim, <i>C. malayanus</i> (de Rooij), <i>C. marmoratus</i>, <i>C. novaguineae</i> (Schlegel), <i>C. seribuatensis</i> Youmans & Grismer, <i>C. matsuii</i> Hikida, <i>C. nuaulu</i>, <i>C. papuensis</i> (Brongersma), <i>C. pantiensis</i> Grismer, Onn, Grismer, Wood & Belabut, <i>C. peguensis</i> Boulenger, <i>C. petani</i> Riyanto, Grismer & Wood, <i>C. pubisulcus</i> Inger, <i>C. pulchellus</i>, <i>C. psarops</i> Harvey, O’connell, Barraza, Riyanto, Kurniawan & Smith, <i>C. quadrivirgatus</i> Taylor, <i>C. semicinctus</i> Harvey, Barraza, Riyanto, Kurniawan & Smith, <i>C. seribuatensis</i>, <i>C. stresemanni</i>, <i>C. wetariensis</i> (Dunn) and <i>C. yoshii</i> Hikida.</p> <p> <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> lacks femoral pores in both sexes which differs from the condition seen in <i>C. astrum</i>, <i>C. australotitiwangsaensis</i>, <i>C. baluensis</i> (Mocquard), <i>C. batucolus</i>, <i>C. bintangtinggi</i>, <i>C. bintangrendah</i>, <i>C. brevipalmatus</i>, <i>C. consobrinus</i>, <i>C. deveti</i>, <i>C. fumosus</i>, <i>C. halmahericus</i>, <i>C. irianjayaensis</i>, <i>C. klakahensis, C. lekaguli</i>, <i>C. loriae</i>, <i>C. macrotuberculatus</i>, <i>C. marmoratus</i>, <i>C. novaguineae</i>, <i>C. petani</i>, <i>C. pullchelus</i>, <i>C. seribuatensis</i>, <i>C. trilatofasciatus</i>, <i>C. wetariensis</i> and <i>C. zugi</i> Oliver, Tjaturadi, Mumpuni, Krey & Richards,</p> <p> <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> possesses enlarged median subcaudal scales unlike <i>C. batucolus</i>, <i>C. brevipalmatus</i>, <i>C. cavernicolus. C. durio</i>, <i>C. elok</i>, <i>C. fumosus</i>, <i>C. gunungsenyumensis</i> Grismer, Wood, Anuar, Davis, Cobos & Murdoch, <i>C. jarakensis</i>, <i>C. jellesmae</i>, <i>C. klakahensis, C. laevigatus</i>, <i>C. lateralis</i>, <i>C. loriae</i>, <i>C. majulah</i>, <i>C. marmoratus</i>, <i>C. matsuii</i>, <i>C. metropolis</i>, <i>C. naulu</i>, <i>C. novaguineae</i>, <i>C. pantiensis</i>, <i>C. papuaensis</i>, <i>C. payacola</i>, <i>C.</i> petani, C. <i>psarops</i>, <i>C. pubisulcus</i>, <i>C. quadrivirgatus</i>, <i>C. rosichonariefi</i> Riyanto, Grismer & Wood, <i>C. semenanjungensis</i>, <i>C. semiadii</i> Riyanto, Bauer & Yudha, <i>C. semicintus</i>, <i>C</i>, <i>seribuatensis</i>, <i>C. sermowaensis</i>, <i>C. stresemanni</i>, <i>C. wetariensis</i> and <i>C. yoshii</i>.</p> <p> <i>Cyrtodactylus hitchi</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> lacks an abrupt transition between rows of large and small postfemoral and ventral femoral scales thus differing from <i>C. astrum</i>, <i>C. australotitiwangsaensis</i>, <i>C. aurensis</i>, <i>C. baluensis</i>, <i>C. batucolus</i>, <i>C. bintangtinggi</i>, <i>C. bintangrendah</i>, <i>C. brevipalmatus</i>, <i>C. fumosus</i>, <i>C. gunungsenyumensis</i>, <i>C. klakahensis. C. leegrismeri</i>, <i>C. lekaguli</i>, <i>C. langkawiensis</i>, <i>C. macrotuberculatus</i>, <i>C. marmoratus</i>, <i>C. metropolis</i>, <i>C. seribuatensis</i>, <i>C. matsuii</i>, <i>C. pantiensis</i>, <i>C. payacola</i>, <i>C. petani</i>, C. <i>psarops</i>, <i>C. pulchellus</i>, <i>C. semicinctus</i>, <i>C. stresemanni</i>, <i>C. tebuensis</i>, <i>C. trilatofasciatus</i>, <i>C. wetariensis</i> and <i>C. zugi</i>.</p> <p>Catalοg number MΖB MWFB</p>Published as part of <i>Riyanto, Awal, Kurniati, Hellen & Engilis, Andrew, 2016, A new Bent-toed gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Mekongga Mountains, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia, pp. 59-72 in Zootaxa 4109 (1)</i> on pages 61-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.1.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263615">http://zenodo.org/record/263615</a&gt

Bats (Chiroptera) recorded in the lowland of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia with notes on taxonomic status and significant range extensions

Abstract: This paper reports on a bat survey conducted in November 2011 in Mangolo Nature Park and Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, both lowland forests located in Southeast Sulawesi. We recorded 22 species of bats that represents nearly 1/3 of the total bat species known to occur on Sulawesi. Three of these are endemic to Sulawesi and adjacent islands, whereas one species, Myotis cf. ridleyi was identified as a new distributional record for this island and with further investigation could prove to be an undescribed species. Our record of Chironax melanocephalus tumulus provided a range extension to the southeastern arm of Sulawesi. Two specimens of Hipposideros boeadii were topotypes and represent the first collections after the description of the type specimen. Collections of Rhinolophus arcuatus from this survey were only the second record of this species from island and represent a range extension. Specimens of Megaderma spasma celebensis were the first records of this species from Southeast Sulawesi. Species are discussed individually with external, cranial and dental measurements summarized. Based on this survey, the number of bat species now documented from the lowlands of Southeast Sulawesi represents the highest diversity yet recorded from a site on Sulawesi. This region is therefore a high priority for conservation and a hotspot for bat research in Indonesia, especially Sulawesi

A new Bent-toed gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Mekongga Mountains, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia

Riyanto, Awal, Kurniati, Hellen, Engilis, Andrew (2016): A new Bent-toed gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Mekongga Mountains, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Zootaxa 4109 (1): 59-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.1.

Data from: Genetic admixture supports an ancient hybrid origin of the endangered Hawaiian duck

Speciation is regarded primarily as a bifurcation from an ancestral species into two distinct taxonomic units, but gene flow can create different signals of phylogenetic relationships among different loci. We evaluated several hypotheses that could account for phylogenetic discord between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nuDNA) within Hawaiian ducks (Anas wyvilliana), including stochastic lineage sorting, mtDNA capture, and widespread genomic introgression. Our results best support the hypothesis that the contemporary Hawaiian duck is descended from an ancient hybridization event between the mallard (A. platyrhynchos) and Laysan duck (A. laysanensis). Whereas mtDNA clearly shows a sister-relationship between Hawaiian ducks and mallards, nuDNA is consistent with a genetic mosaic with nearly equal contributions from Laysan ducks and mallards. In addition, coalescent analyses suggest that gene flow from either mallard or Laysan duck, depending on the pre-defined tree topology, is necessary to explain contemporary genetic diversity in Hawaiian ducks, and these estimates are more consistent with ancient, rather than contemporary, hybridization. Time since divergence estimates suggest that the genetic admixture event occurred around the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, which is further supported by circumstantial evidence from the Hawaiian sub-fossil record. Although the extent of reproductive isolation from either putative parental taxon is not currently known, these species are phenotypically, genetically, and ecologically different, and they meet primary criteria used in avian taxonomy for species designation. Thus, the available data are consistent with an admixed origin, and support the hypothesis that the Hawaiian duck may represent a young hybrid species