Da gestão ambiental à educação ambiental: as dimensões subjetiva e intersubjetiva nas práticas de educação ambiental

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que os objetivos dos processos de educação ambiental, diferentemente daqueles das práticas de gestão ambiental, devem se encontrar nas dimensões subjetiva e intersubjetiva da vida, e não na objetiva. Para desenvolver tal argumento, discorre sobre a formação do pensamento na era moderna e sua consequente objetificação, que relegou a subjetividade e a intersubjetividade a um segundo patamar de importância na compreensão sobre a realidade. Em um segundo momento, o artigo trata das limitações do objetivismo e a emergência da complexidade, que propõe uma nova lógica para se olhar e compreender o mundo e os fenômenos. As implicações dessas duas correntes de pensamento para a educação ambiental são, então, analisadas. Por fim, o artigo sugere cinco conceitos – identidade, comunidade, felicidade, diálogo e potência de agir – considerados como boas portas de entrada para o alcance das realidades subjetiva e intersubjetiva por práticas de educação ambiental

The Complexity of Bipartite Gaussian Boson Sampling

Gaussian boson sampling is a model of photonic quantum computing that has attracted attention as a platform for building quantum devices capable of performing tasks that are out of reach for classical devices. There is therefore significant interest, from the perspective of computational complexity theory, in solidifying the mathematical foundation for the hardness of simulating these devices. We show that, under the standard Anti-Concentration and Permanent-of-Gaussians conjectures, there is no efficient classical algorithm to sample from ideal Gaussian boson sampling distributions (even approximately) unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses. The hardness proof holds in the regime where the number of modes scales quadratically with the number of photons, a setting in which hardness was widely believed to hold but that nevertheless had no definitive proof. Crucial to the proof is a new method for programming a Gaussian boson sampling device so that the output probabilities are proportional to the permanents of submatrices of an arbitrary matrix. This technique is a generalization of Scattershot BosonSampling that we call BipartiteGBS. We also make progress towards the goal of proving hardness in the regime where there are fewer than quadratically more modes than photons (i.e., the high-collision regime) by showing that the ability to approximate permanents of matrices with repeated rows/columns confers the ability to approximate permanents of matrices with no repetitions. The reduction suffices to prove that GBS is hard in the constant-collision regime.Comment: 44 pages; v3 - journal versio

Precipitation comparison for the CFSR, MERRA, TRMM3B42 and Combined Scheme datasets in Bolivia

AbstractAn overwhelming number of applications depend on reliable precipitation estimations. However, over complex terrain in regions such as the Andes or the southwestern Amazon, the spatial coverage of rain gauges is scarce. Two reanalysis datasets, a satellite algorithm and a scheme that combines surface observations with satellite estimations were selected for studying rainfall in the following areas of Bolivia: the central Andes, Altiplano, southwestern Amazonia, and Chaco. These Bolivian regions can be divided into three main basins: the Altiplano, La Plata, and Amazon. The selected reanalyses were the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, which has a horizontal resolution (~50km) conducive for studying rainfall in relatively small precipitation systems, and the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and Reforecast, which features an improved horizontal resolution (~38km). The third dataset was the seventh version of the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 algorithm, which is conducive for studying rainfall at an ~25km horizontal resolution. The fourth dataset utilizes a new technique known as the Combined Scheme, which successfully removes satellite bias. All four of these datasets were aggregated to a coarser resolution. Additionally, the daily totals were calculated to match the cumulative daily values of the ground observations. This research aimed to describe and compare precipitations in the two reanalysis datasets, the satellite-algorithm dataset, and the Combined Scheme with ground observations. Two seasons were selected for studying the precipitation estimates: the rainy season (December–February) and the dry season (June–August). The average, bias, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and root mean square error were calculated. Moreover, a contingency table was generated to calculate the accuracy, bias frequency, probability of detection, false alarm ratio, and equitable threat score.All four datasets correctly depicted the spatial rainfall pattern. However, CFSR and MERRA overestimated precipitation along the Andes' eastern-facing slopes and exhibited a dry bias over the eastern Amazon; TRMM3B42 and the Combined Scheme depicted a more realistic rainfall distribution over both the Amazon and the Andes. When separating the precipitation into classes, MERRA and CFSR overestimated light to moderate precipitation (1–20mm/day) and underestimated very heavy precipitation (>50mm/day). TRMM3B42 and CoSch depicted behaviors similar to the surface observations; however, CoSch underestimated the precipitation in very intense systems (>50mm/day).The statistical variables indicated that CoSch's correlation coefficient was highest for every season and basin. Additionally, the bias and RMSE values suggested that CoSch closely represented the surface observations

Dialogue as a research object in environmental education

Este artigo aborda o diálogo como objeto de pesquisa na Educação Ambiental, a fim de colaborar com a fundamentação de práticas e pesquisas na área. Observa a necessidade da criação de indicadores de diálogo e de maior aprofundamento empírico com aqueles já sugeridos. Também, o artigo promove uma articulação do conceito de diálogo com o de comunidades interpretativas e de aprendizagem, espaços para se praticar e vivenciar a Educação Ambiental (EA), práticas essas trazidas por algumas Políticas Públicas de EA brasileiras. Finalmente, argumenta que as metodologias participativas, sobretudo as de cunho intervencional, são adequadas para colaborar com um aprofundamento teórico-prático da teoria do diálogo

Continued vaccine breakthrough cases of serotype 3 complicated pneumonia in vaccinated children, Portugal (2016–2019)

Copyright © 2022 Silva-Costa et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.We previously reported that despite the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), vaccine serotypes remained important causes of pneumonia with pleural effusion and empyema (pediatric complicated pneumococcal pneumonia [PCPP]). We cultured and performed PCR on 174 pleural fluid samples recovered from pediatric patients in Portugal from 2016 to 2019 to identify and serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae. Most PCPP cases (n = 87/98) were identified by PCR only. Serotypes 3 (67%), 14, and 8 (5% each) were the most frequent. Vaccine breakthrough cases were seen among age-appropriately, 13-valent, PCV vaccinated children (median: 3 years, range: 17 months to 7 years), mostly with serotype 3 (n = 27) but also with serotypes 14 and 19A (n = 2 each). One breakthrough was seen with serotype 14 in an age-appropriately, 10-valent, PCV-vaccinated child and another with serotype 3 in a child to whom the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine was administered. While the relative risk of serotype 1 PCPP decreased almost 10-fold from the period of 2010 to 2015 to the period of 2016 to 2019 (relative risk [RR] = 0.106), that of serotype 3 PCPP almost doubled (RR = 1.835). Our data highlight the importance of molecular diagnostics in identifying PCPP and document the continued importance of serotype 3 PCPP, even when PCV13 use with almost universal coverage could be expected to reduce exposure to this serotype. IMPORTANCE The use of conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae in children has led to substantial reductions in pneumococcal invasive disease. However, the reductions seen in each of the 13 serotypes currently included in the highest-valency vaccine approved for use in children (PCV13), were not the same. It is becoming clear that most vaccine breakthroughs worldwide involve serotype 3 and are frequently associated with complicated pneumonia cases, often with empyema or pleural effusion. Here, we show that despite almost universal PCV13 use, which would be expected to reduce vaccine serotype circulation and further reinforce vaccine direct protection, pneumococci and serotype 3 remain the major causes of pediatric complicated pneumonia. Molecular methods are essential to identify and serotype pneumococci in these cases, which frequently reflect vaccine breakthroughs. A broader use of molecular diagnostics will be essential to determine the role of this important serotype in the context of PCV13 use in different geographic regions.Partial support was received from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/DTP-EPI/1555/2014) and from an investigator-initiated grant from Pfizer.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mothers-Offspring Resemblance in Intelligence and Its Relationship to Socioeconomic Status

Estudos familiares demonstram que grande parte da variância das habilidades cognitivas é atribuída à variância genotípica. Além disso, correlações de parentesco possuem, geralmente, maiores valores quando as tarefas são altamente carregadas de g, fenômeno conhecido como "efeito Jensen". No entanto, em outra linha de investigação, estudos sugerem que o nível socioeconômico é um fator importante para explicar as diferenças cognitivas. O presente estudo investigou essas premissas em uma amostra de 141 mães (idade media = 36,6; DP = 6,0) e seus filhos (53,2% meninas;idade média = 11,0; DP = 2,1). Administrou-se as Matrizes Progressivas de Raven (em mães e filhos) e seis outras medidas cognitivas (nos filhos). Os resultados sugeriram uma evidência de herdabilidade em g (efeito Jensen). No entanto, os coeficientes de correlações familiares foram menores (0,041 a 0,177) a outros comumemente publicados. Por outro lado, a diferença entre os scores de QI das mães e de seus filhos foi influenciada pelo nível socioeconômico (NSE) e pelo nível de escolaridade da mãe. No geral, advoga-se por uma interação gene x ambiente das diferenças de habilidades cognitivas dependente do contexto socio-econômico.Los estudios familiares han mostrado que gran parte de la varianza de las habilidades cognitivas es dada por la varianza genotípica. Además, las correlaciones de parentesco generalmente tienen mayor valor cuando las tareas demandan alto g, fenómeno conocido como "efecto Jensen". Sin embargo, considerando otra línea de investigación, los estudios sugieren que el nivel socioeconómico es un factor importante para explicar las diferencias cognitivas. El presente estudio investigó estas premisas en una muestra de 141 madres (edad media = 36,6; DT = 6,0) y sus hijos (53,2% niñas; edad media = 11,0; DT = 2,1). Fue administrado las Matrices Progresivas de Raven (en madres y niños) y otras seis medidas cognitivas (en niños). Los resultados sugieren evidencia de herdabilidad en g (efecto Jensen), hallazgo consistente con la literatura. Con todo, los coeficientes de correlación de parentesco fueron inferiores (0.041 a 0.177) en comparación con otras publicaciones. Finalmente, la diferencia entre las puntuaciones de CI de madres y sus hijos fue influenciado por el nivel socioeconómico (SES) y el nivel educativo de la madre.Kinship studies have shown that most cognitive ability variances are attributable to genotypic variance. Additionally, kinship correlations are generally increased when tasks that are highly g loaded are considered, a result known as the "Jensen effect". Alternatively, some studies have suggested socioeconomic status as an important factor for explaining differences in cognition. The present study investigated these premises in a sample of 141 mothers (mean age = 36.6; SD = 6.0) and their offspring (53.2% girls; mean age = 11.0; SD = 2.1). The Standard Progressive Matrices of Raven (mothers and offspring) and six other cognitive measures (offspring only) were administered. The findings suggested evidence of g heritability (Jensen effect), which is consistent with published literature on intelligence. However, kinship correlation coefficients were lower (.041 to .177) when compared to other published findings. Finally, the difference between the mother's IQ score and that of her child was influenced by SES and mother's education level

Patellar tendinopathy: late-stage results from surgical treatment

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the late-stage results from surgical treatment of patellar tendinopathy (PT), using the Visa score (Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group) and the Verheyden method.MethodsThis was a retrospective study in which the postoperative results from 12 patients (14 knees) who were operated between July 2002 and February 2011 were evaluated. The patients included in the study presented patellar tendinopathy that was refractory to conservative treatment, without any other concomitant lesions. Patients who were not properly followed up during the postoperative period were excluded.ResultsUsing the Verheyden method, nine patients were considered to have very good results, two had good results and one had poor results. In relation to Visa, the mean was 92.4 points and only two patients had scores less than 70 points (66 and 55 points).ConclusionWhen surgical treatment for patellar tendinopathy is correctly indicated, it has good long-term results

En esta investigación usamos códigos de barras de ADN como una herramienta para el análisis de la diversidad específica y la variabilidad geográfica de roedores Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae) en el Norte de Argentina. Analizamos 162 individuos de 50 localidades pertenecientes a 31 especies originalmente determinadas mediante morfología. El 72% de las localidades estudiadas se encuentran en las Yungas mientras que el 71% de las especies analizadas habita en alguno de sus estratos altitudinales. Se realizaron dos análisis de delimitación de especies: la implementación bayesiana del método “Poisson Tree Processes” (bPTP) y el método “Automated Barcode Gap Discovery” (ABGD), este último bajo dos modelos de sustitución, K2P y JC69. El método bPTP evidenció linajes diferentes en algunas especies totalizando un recuento de 44 especies, 13 más que las 31 originalmente detectadas. El método ABGD resultó en 40 especies en promedio para todas las particiones recursivas de los dos modelos de sustitución utilizados. Las especies que presentaron más de un linaje genético (especies putativas) con respecto a su determinación original fueron las siguientes: Akodon budini, Akodon simulator, Akodon spegazzinii, Andinomys edax, Necromys lactens, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, Oligoryzomys flavescens y Phyllotis tucumanus. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una diversidad de roedores sigmodontinos más elevada que la actualmente reconocida en la región de estudio y destacan la necesidad de relevamientos faunísticos más exhaustivos que permitan un apropiado inventario de la biodiversidad.

En esta investigación usamos códigos de barras de ADN como una herramienta para el análisis de la diversidad específica y la variabilidad geográfica de roedores Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae) en el Norte de Argentina. Analizamos 162 individuos de 50 localidades pertenecientes a 31 especies originalmente determinadas mediante morfología. El 72% de las localidades estudiadas se encuentran en las Yungas mientras que el 71% de las especies analizadas habita en alguno de sus estratos altitudinales. Se realizaron dos análisis de delimitación de especies: la implementación bayesiana del método “Poisson Tree Processes” (bPTP) y el método “Automated Barcode Gap Discovery” (ABGD), este último bajo dos modelos de sustitución, K2P y JC69. El método bPTP evidenció linajes diferentes en algunas especies totalizando un recuento de 44 especies, 13 más que las 31 originalmente detectadas. El método ABGD resultó en 40 especies en promedio para todas las particiones recursivas de los dos modelos de sustitución utilizados. Las especies que presentaron más de un linaje genético (especies putativas) con respecto a su determinación original fueron las siguientes: Akodon budini, Akodon simulator, Akodon spegazzinii, Andinomys edax, Necromys lactens, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, Oligoryzomys flavescens y Phyllotis tucumanus. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una diversidad de roedores sigmodontinos más elevada que la actualmente reconocida en la región de estudio y destacan la necesidad de relevamientos faunísticos más exhaustivos que permitan un apropiado inventario de la biodiversidad.We used DNA barcodes to explore the species diversity and the geographic variability of Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae) rodents in North Argentina. We analyzed 162 individuals from 50 localities belonging to 31 species primarily determined by morphology. Most of the studied localities (72%) are from the Yungas forest while 71% of the analyzed species inhabit some of their altitudinal strata. We performed two species delimitation analyzes, the Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) method, and the Automated Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method, the latter under two substitution models K2P and JC69. The bPTP method reported the presence of different lineages in some species totaling 44 species, 13 more than the 31 originally listed in our database. The ABGD method resulted in 40 species on average for all recursive partitions under the two substitution models. The following species presented more than one genetic lineage (putative species): Akodon budini, Akodon simulator, Akodon spegazzinii, Andinomys edax, Necromys lactens, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, Oligoryzomys flavescens and Phyllotis tucumanus. Our results suggest that the diversity of sigmodontine rodents in northwestern Argentina is higher than the currently recognized, and highlight the need for more exhaustive faunal surveys which allows a more accurate biodiversity inventoryFil: Andrade, Lautaro Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Juan José. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Barquez, Ruben Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Programa de Investigación de Biodiversidad Argentina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Martín, Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Ferro, Luis Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Programa de Investigación de Biodiversidad Argentina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentin

Avaliação do Sentinel-2, NDVI e MLME para Mapeamento do Uso e Cobertura da Terra

A floresta amazônica é considerada um dos maiores reservatórios de carbono da Terra. No entanto, mudanças antrópicas indiscriminadas no uso e cobertura da terra, como a conversão da floresta em áreas agrícolas e pastagens, provocam grandes impactos ambientais na floresta. A utilização de técnicas que auxiliam o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra se torna cada vez mais necessária. Índices como o NDVI (Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada) e MLME (Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral) são amplamente utilizados para estudos da vegetação, por permitirem analisar e realçar parâmetros e feições em imagens de sensoriamento remoto. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra (LULC), utilizando dados do satélite Sentinel-2B, adicionado com o índice de vegetação NDVI e com o MLME, utilizando o classificador Random Forest (RF). Para a realização deste estudo, foram utilizadas imagens do sensor MSI do Sentinel-2B e calculados os índices NDVI e MLME, derivados da imagem Sentinel-2B. A partir da segmentação da imagem, foi realizada a extração de atributos para cada segmento. A classificação foi realizada pelo método RF e a validação foi realizada através da simulação de Monte Carlo observando-se os valores de índice Kappa e Acurácia Global (AG). Para avaliar a diferença obtida com a adição das variáveis NDVI e MLME, quatro cenários de classificação foram realizados. Notou-se que os cenários apresentaram resultados semelhantes de índice Kappa e AG, não apresentando diferença significativa entre eles. A utilização das faixas espectrais do Sentinel-2B/MSI se mostrou uma boa alternativa para realizar o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra, facilitando as etapas de processamento. No entanto, a inclusão do MLME para a separação da classe Floresta Degradada (FD), se mostrou significativa. Além disso, observou-se que a utilização do classificador RF apresenta bons resultados para o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra

Multi year aerosol characterization in the tropical Andes and in adjacent Amazonia using AERONET measurements

This work focuses on the analysis of columnar aerosol properties in the complex geophysical tropical region of South America within 10-20 South and 50-70 West. The region is quite varied and encompasses a significant part of Amazonia (lowlands) as well as high mountains in the Andes (highlands,~4000 m a.s.l.). Several AERONET stations were included to study the aerosol optical characteristics of the lowlands (Rio Branco, Ji Parana and Cuiaba in Brazil and Santa Cruz in Bolivia) and the highlands (La Paz, Bolivia) during the 2000-2014 period. Biomass-burning is by far the most important source of aerosol in the lowlands, particularly during the dry season (August-October). Multi-annual variability was investigated and showed very strong burning activity in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010. This resulted in smoke characterized by correspondingly strong, above-average AODs (aerosol optical depths) and homogeneous single scattering albedo (SSA) across all the stations (~0.93). For other years, however, SSA differences arise between the northern stations (Rio Branco and Ji Parana) with SSAs of ~0.95 and the southern stations (Cuiaba and Santa Cruz) with lower SSAs of ~0.85.Such differences are explained by the different types of vegetation burned in the two different regions. In the highlands, however, the transport of biomass burning smoke is found to be sporadic in nature. This sporadicity results in highly variable indicators of aerosol load and type (Angstrom exponent and fine mode fraction) with moderately significant increases in both. Regional dust and local pollution are the background aerosol in this highland region, whose elevation places it close to the free troposphere. Transported smoke particles were generally found to be more optical absorbing than in the lowlands: the hypothesis to explain this is the significantly higher amount of water vapor in Amazonia relative to the high mountain areas. The air-mass transport to La Paz was investigated using the HYSPLIT air-concentration five-days back trajectories. Two different patterns were clearly differentiated: westerly winds from the Pacific that clean the atmosphere and easterly winds favoring the transport of particles from Amazonia.Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowships (IF) ACE_GFAT (grant agreement No 659398).European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 654109, ACTRIS-2