642 research outputs found
Continuous star cluster formation in the spiral NGC 45
We determined ages for 52 star clusters with masses < 10^6 solar masses in
the low surface brightness spiral galaxy NGC 45. Four of these candidates are
old globular clusters located in the bulge. The remaining ones span a large age
range. The cluster ages suggest a continuous star/cluster formation history
without evidence for bursts, consistent with the galaxy being located in a
relatively unperturbed environment in the outskirts of the Sculptor group.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. To appear in "Island Universes - Structure and
Evolution of Disk Galaxies", Terschelling (Netherlands), July 200
Imaging of star clusters in unperturbed spiral galaxies with the Advanced Camera for Surveys. I. The low luminosity galaxy NGC 45
We present results from ACS and WFPC observations in the low luminosity
galaxy NGC 45. We identified 28 young star cluster candidates. While the exact
values of age, mass, and extinction depend somewhat on the choice of SSP
models, we find no young clusters with masses higher than a few 1000 Msun for
any model choice. We derive the luminosity function of young star clusters and
find a slope of alpha=-1.94+-0.28. We also identified 19 old globular clusters
and we estimate a specific frequency of globular clusters of S_N=1.4-1.9 which
is significantly higher than observed for other late-type galaxies (e.g. SMC,
LMC, M33). Most of these globular clusters appear to belong to a metal-poor
population, although they coincide spatially with the location of the bulge of
NGC 45.Comment: 16 pages,18 figures, accepted for publication in A&
How Universal are the Young Cluster Sequences? - the Cases of LMC, SMC, M83 and the Antennae
Aims.Recently a new analysis of cluster observations in the Milky Way found
evidence that clustered star formation may work under tight constraints with
respect to cluster size and density, implying the presence of just two
sequences of young massive cluster. These two types of clusters each expand at
different rates with cluster age. Methods. Here we investigate whether similar
sequences exist in other nearby galaxies. Results:We find that while for the
extragalactic young stellar clusters the overall trend in the cluster-density
scaling is quite comparable to the relation obtained for Galactic clusters,
there are also possible difference. For the LMC and SMC clusters the densities
are below the Galactic data points and/or the core radii are smaller than those
of data points with comparable density. For M83 and the Antenna clusters the
core radii are possibly comparable to the Galactic clusters but it is not clear
whether they exhibit similar expansion speeds. These findings should serve as
an incentive to perform more systematic observations and analysis to answer the
question of a possible similarity between young galactic and extragalactic star
clusters sequences.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, A&A in pres
Dynamical mass of a star cluster in M83: a test of fibre-fed multi-object spectroscopy
(Abridged) Aims: We obtained VLT/FLAMES+UVES high-resolution, fibre-fed
spectroscopy (FFS) of five young massive clusters in M83 (NGC 5236). This forms
the basis of a pilot study testing the feasibility of using FFS to measure the
velocity dispersions of several clusters simultaneously, in order to determine
their dynamical masses; Methods: We adopted two methods for determining the
velocity dispersion of the star clusters: cross-correlating the cluster
spectrum with the template spectra and minimising a chi^2 value between the
cluster spectrum and the broadened template spectra. Cluster 805 in M83 was
chosen as a control to test the reliability of the method, through a comparison
with the results obtained from a standard echelle VLT/UVES spectrum obtained by
Larsen & Richtler; Results: We find no dependence of the velocity dispersions
measured for a cluster on the choice of red giant versus red supergiant
templates, nor on the method adopted. We measure a velocity dispersion of
sigma_los = 10.2+/-1.1 km/s for cluster 805 from our FFS. Our FLAMES+UVES
velocity dispersion measurement gives M_vir = (6.6+/-1.7)e5 M_sun, consistent
with previous results. This is a factor of ~3 greater than the cluster's
photometric mass, indicating a lack of virial equilibrium. However, based on
its effective star formation efficiency, the cluster is likely to virialise,
and may survive for a Hubble time, in the absence of external disruptive
forces; Conclusions: We find that reliable velocity dispersions can be
determined from FFS. The advantages of observing several clusters
simultaneously outweighs the difficulty of accurate galaxy background
subtraction, providing that the targets are chosen to provide sufficient S/N
ratios, and are much brighter than the galaxy background.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted by A&
Protein structure validation and refinement using amide proton chemical shifts derived from quantum mechanics
We present the ProCS method for the rapid and accurate prediction of protein
backbone amide proton chemical shifts - sensitive probes of the geometry of key
hydrogen bonds that determine protein structure. ProCS is parameterized against
quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and reproduces high level QM results
obtained for a small protein with an RMSD of 0.25 ppm (r = 0.94). ProCS is
interfaced with the PHAISTOS protein simulation program and is used to infer
statistical protein ensembles that reflect experimentally measured amide proton
chemical shift values. Such chemical shift-based structural refinements,
starting from high-resolution X-ray structures of Protein G, ubiquitin, and SMN
Tudor Domain, result in average chemical shifts, hydrogen bond geometries, and
trans-hydrogen bond (h3JNC') spin-spin coupling constants that are in excellent
agreement with experiment. We show that the structural sensitivity of the
QM-based amide proton chemical shift predictions is needed to refine protein
structures to this agreement. The ProCS method thus offers a powerful new tool
for refining the structures of hydrogen bonding networks to high accuracy with
many potential applications such as protein flexibility in ligand binding.Comment: PLOS ONE accepted, Nov 201
The young star cluster system of the Antennae galaxies
“The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com”. Copyright Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s10509-009-0103-xThe study of young star cluster (YSC) systems, preferentially in starburst and merging galaxies, has seen great interest in the recent past, as it provides important input to models of star formation. However, even some basic properties (such as the luminosity function; LF) of YSC systems are still being debated. Here, we study the photometric properties of the YSC system in the nearest major merger system, the Antennae galaxies. We find evidence for the existence of a statistically significant turnover in the LF.Peer reviewe
Unaccounted uncertainty from qPCR efficiency estimates entails uncontrolled false positive rates
BACKGROUND: Accurate adjustment for the amplification efficiency (AE) is an important part of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments. The most commonly used correction strategy is to estimate the AE by dilution experiments and use this as a plug-in when efficiency correcting the ΔΔC(q). Currently, it is recommended to determine the AE with high precision as this plug-in approach does not account for the AE uncertainty, implicitly assuming an infinitely precise AE estimate. Determining the AE with such precision, however, requires tedious laboratory work and vast amounts of biological material. Violation of the assumption leads to overly optimistic standard errors of the ΔΔC(q), confidence intervals, and p-values which ultimately increase the type I error rate beyond the expected significance level. As qPCR is often used for validation it should be a high priority to account for the uncertainty of the AE estimate and thereby properly bounding the type I error rate and achieve the desired significance level. RESULTS: We suggest and benchmark different methods to obtain the standard error of the efficiency adjusted ΔΔC(q) using the statistical delta method, Monte Carlo integration, or bootstrapping. Our suggested methods are founded in a linear mixed effects model (LMM) framework, but the problem and ideas apply in all qPCR experiments. The methods and impact of the AE uncertainty are illustrated in three qPCR applications and a simulation study. In addition, we validate findings suggesting that MGST1 is differentially expressed between high and low abundance culture initiating cells in multiple myeloma and that microRNA-127 is differentially expressed between testicular and nodal lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude, that the commonly used efficiency corrected quantities disregard the uncertainty of the AE, which can drastically impact the standard error and lead to increased false positive rates. Our suggestions show that it is possible to easily perform statistical inference of ΔΔC(q), whilst properly accounting for the AE uncertainty and better controlling the false positive rate
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