Remarks by David F. Cavers to Duke Students Converning the Origin of and Vision for Law and Contemporary Problems

Objectives To present a method for generating reference maps of typical brain characteristics of groups of subjects using a novel combination of rapid quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (qMRI) and brain normalization. The reference maps can be used to detect significant tissue differences in patients, both locally and globally. Materials and Methods A rapid qMRI method was used to obtain the longitudinal relaxation rate (R1), the transverse relaxation rate (R2) and the proton density (PD). These three tissue properties were measured in the brains of 32 healthy subjects and in one patient diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The maps were normalized to a standard brain template using a linear affine registration. The differences of the mean value ofR1, R2 and PD of 31 healthy subjects in comparison to the oldest healthy subject and in comparison to an MS patient were calculated. Larger anatomical structures were characterized using a standard atlas. The vector sum of the normalized differences was used to show significant tissue differences. Results The coefficient of variation of the reference maps was high at the edges of the brain and the ventricles, moderate in the cortical grey matter and low in white matter and the deep grey matter structures. The elderly subject mainly showed significantly lower R1 and R2 and higher PD values along all sulci. The MS patient showed significantly lower R1 and R2 and higher PD values at the edges of the ventricular system as well as throughout the periventricular white matter, at the internal and external capsules and at each of the MS lesions. Conclusion Brain normalization of rapid qMRI is a promising new method to generate reference maps of typical brain characteristics and to automatically detect deviating tissue properties in the brain

Structures of Loyalty: A Comparative Study of Jewish and Palestinian Evangelicals\u27 Acquiescence to Fundamentalist and Authoritarian Values

This is a qualitative comparative study of two evangelical movements in Israel and in the West Bank: the Israeli Messianic (IM) movement and the Palestinian Evangelical (PE) movement. Through interviews on how informants understand the Middle Eastern conflict, our aim is (1) to compare the prevalence of fundamentalist/authoritarian (F/A) values in the IM and PE movements and (2) to understand how a particular socio-political context —Israel and the West Bank—might affect the acquiescence to a F/A mindset amongst the two movements. To accomplish this, we created a F/A construct that measures five values: literalism, social withdrawal, authoritarian aggression, authoritarian submission, and conventionalism. We found that the IM scores higher on all five F/A values. To explain the difference, we point out the importance of structures of loyalty: the difference in how IMs and PEs connect to key societal groups affects the way they acquiesce to fundamentalist and authoritarian values

Recent methods, sources and approaches in the study of temporal landscape change at different scales - a review

Landscape change can be studied at different scales, from local to regional, e.g. from a biodiversity level to the level of land-use systems. Historical sources such as land taxation papers, cadastral maps, agricultural and population censuses are not very much used in physical geography studies but this article explores the potential of historical sources and gives examples of how they can be used. Studies of landscape change requires an approach to the temporal dimension and examples are given on how this can be solved. At the biodiversity level, much attention is presently paid to red-listed species. The article gives an account of criteria used to evaluate red-list status of species and critically reviews the way governmental nature management bodies presently deal with this. Several long-term studies have been carried out recently and huge variations in population size of species from year to year have been detected. As an alternative to red-list status based on population size based on static data from one or a few years, the concept of the natural variation interval of a species is introduced. The article demonstrates how this phenomenon can be identified based on a temporal approach

"Studenten som kom før faget"

Horgen, Jan Erik, Michael Jones og VenkeàÃsheim Olsen (red.) 2011. ââ¬ÂStudenten som kom før fagetââ¬Â: Etnolog Rigmor Frimannslund (1911â2006) â et minneskrift. Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning,àSerie B: Skrifter bind CXXXV. Oslo:àNovus forlag. 348 s. ISBN 978-82-7099-609-4

Overregulation of Health Care: Musings on Disruptive Innovation Theory

Disruptive innovation theory provides one lens through which to describe how regulations may stifle innovation and increase costs. Basing their discussion on this theory, Curtis and Schulman consider some of the effects that regulatory controls may have on innovation in the health sector

Time-resolved laser spectroscopy on high-lying states in neutral oxygen

Radiative lifetimes have been measured for five triplet states of atomic oxygen. The oxygen atoms were generated by photodissociation of NO2 and the investigated states were populated through a two-step process involving a two-photon excitation to the lowest excited triplet state of even parity, 2p33p 3P, followed by a one-photon excitation to the investigated state. A similar scheme is applicable to the study of excited states in many light atoms

Cambrian stratigraphy of the Tomten-1 drill core, Västergötland, Sweden

The Tomten-1 drilling at Torbjörntorp in Västergötland, southern Sweden, penetrated 29.85 m of Cambrian Series 2, Cambrian Series 3, Furongian, and Lower–Middle Ordovician strata. Lithostratigraphically, the succession includes the File Haidar, Borgholm and Alum Shale formations, and the Latorp and Lanna limestones. The drill core succession is described herein for the first time, with special focus on the biostratigraphy of the Cambrian Alum Shale Formation. In the Cambrian Series 3, through Furongian Alum Shale Formation, agnostoids and trilobites have been identified to species level and the succession is subdivided into nine biozones (in ascending order): the Ptychagnostus gibbus, Ptychagnostus atavus, Lejopyge laevigata, Agnostus pisiformis, Olenus gibbosus, Parabolina spinulosa, Ctenopyge tumida, Ctenopyge bisulcata and Ctenopyge linnarssoni zones. The succession is interrupted by numerous stratigraphic gaps of variable magnitudes, as is evident from the biostratigraphy and conspicuous unconformities

Costs for nature conservation, even-flow restriction in harvesting and storage building restriction : strategic analysis with Heureka PlanWise

Norra Skogsägarna äger två fastigheter i Skellefteåtrakten som innehåller skyddsvärda biotoper. Ägaren för diskussioner med skogsstyrelsen och länsstyrelsen om vilken hänsyn som ska tas och om hur det virkesproducerande skogsbruket ska bedrivas. I föreliggande kandidatuppsats redogörs för hur skogsskötseln och den ekonomiska avkastningen påverkas av några olika strategier för naturvårdsavsättning och skogsbruk. Med hjälp av planeringsverktyget Heureka PlanVis visas hur de olika avsättningsstrategierna Originalplan, Lagen och Länsstyrelsen påverkar nuvärdet av skogsbruket. Dessutom visas nettointäkten över en kommande 100 årsperiod, och vad restriktioner för jämnhetskrav och krav på ökat virkesförråd får för påverkan på fastigheternas nuvärde. Analyserna har utförts med stöd av det forskningsbaserade planeringssystemet Heureka PlanVis version 2.0, och baseras på ajourhållna data från de skogsbruksplaner som upprättades 2013. Resultaten visar att nuvärdet på fastigheterna sjunker om andelen naturvårdsavsättningar ökar. Utfallet av nuvärdesminskningen blir dock mindre om fastigheterna samplaneras och brukas som en enhet. Det uppstår alltså samordningsfördelar, och effekterna av samordningen blir tydligare då andelen naturvårdsavsättningar ökar. Vidare visar analysen av samordningen att upprättandet av Originalplanen minskar fastighetens nuvärde med cirka 11 procent och att Länsstyrelsens alternativ sänker nuvärdet med ytterligare cirka 6 procent. Ett intensivare skogsbruk på fastigheterna med användande av främmande trädslag, gödsling och förädlat material ökar nuvärdet med 4,3 procent. Jämnhet i avverkningsvolym mellan perioder påverkar inte nuvärdet i någon väsentlig grad. Däremot är det dyrt att bygga upp ett stort virkesförråd på fastigheterna.Norra Skogsägarna owns two properties in the Skellefteå area which contains habitats with high nature conservation value. The owner are conducting discussions with the Swedish Forest Agency and the provincial government about what kind of nature considerations to be taken and how the timber -producing should be managed in the forest. This bachelor thesis analyses how forest management and economic performance is effected by different strategies for nature conservation provision and forestry. The effects that the different deposition strategies Originalplan, Lagen and Länsstyrelsen have on the present value of the forestry analysed by using the planning tool Heureka PlanWise. The analysis calculates the net income of an upcoming 100 -year period, and what even-flow restrictions and the storage building of standing volume might have for impact on the properties' value. The analysis were performed with support of the research-based planning system Heureka PlanWise version 2.0, and is based on adjourned maintained data from the forestry plans made in 2013. The results show that the present value of the properties will decrease if the proportion of conservation reserves increases. The outcome of the present value reduction will be smaller if the properties are planned together and operated as one unit. Thus, there are synergy benefits, and the effect of coordination becomes clearer when the proportion of conservation reserves increases. Furthermore the analysis shows that the establishment of the coordination for the Originalplan reduces the property's current value with about 11 percent and that the alternative Länsstyrelsen lowers the present value by another 6 percent. A more intensive forestry on the properties using foreign tree species, fertilization and improved material increases the present value of 1 414 260 SEK. Even-flow restriction of the felling volume between periods does not affect the present value to any significant degree. However it is expensive to build up the growing stock on the properties

Effects of enrichment on simple aquatic food webs

Simple models, based on Lotka-Volterra types of interactions between predator and prey, predict that enrichment will have a destabilizing effect on populations and that equilibrium population densities will change at the top trophic level and every second level below. We experimentally tested these predictions in three aquatic food web configurations subjected to either high or low nutrient additions. The results were structured by viewing the systems as either food chains or webs and showed that trophic level biomass increased with enrichment, which contradicts food chain theory. However, within each trophic level, food web configuration affected the extent to which different functional groups responded to enrichment. By dividing trophic levels into functional groups, based on vulnerability to consumption, we were able to identify significant effects that were obscured when systems were viewed as food chains. The results support the prediction that invulnerable prey may stabilize trophic-level dynamics by replacing other, more vulnerable prey. Furthermore, the vulnerable prey, such as Daphnia and edible algae, responded as predicted by the paradox of enrichment hypothesis; that is, variability in population density increased with enrichment. Hence, by describing ecosystems as a matrix of food web interactions, and by recognizing the interplay between interspecific competition and predation, a more complete description of the ecosystem function was obtained compared to when species were placed into distinct trophic levels