Non-equilibrated post freeze out distributions

We discuss freeze out on the hypersurface with time-like normal vector, trying to answer how realistic is to assume thermal post freeze out distributions for measured hadrons. Using simple kinetic models for gradual freeze out we are able to generate thermal post FO distribution, but only in highly simplified situation. In a more advanced model, taking into account rescattering and re-thermalization, the post FO distribution gets more complicated. The resulting particle distributions are in qualitative agreement with the experimentally measured pion spectra. Our study also shows that the obtained post FO distribution functions, although analytically very different from the Juttner distribution, do look pretty much like thermal distributions in some range of parameters.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures, EPJ style, submitted to EPJ

Freeze out of the expanding system

The freeze out (FO) of the expanding systems, created in relativistic heavy ion collisions, is discussed. We start with kinetic FO model, which realizes complete physical FO in a layer of given thickness, and then combine our gradual FO equations with Bjorken type system expansion into a unified model. We shall see that the basic FO features, pointed out in the earlier works, are not smeared out by the expansion.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure

The 3rd Flow Component as a QGP Signal

Earlier fluid dynamical calculations with QGP show a softening of the directed flow while with hadronic matter this effect is absent. On the other hand, we indicated that a third flow component shows up in the reaction plane as an enhanced emission, which is orthogonal to the directed flow. This is not shadowed by the deflected projectile and target, and shows up at measurable rapidities, $y_cm = 1-2$. To study the formation of this effect initial stages of relativistic heavy ion collisions are studied. An effective string rope model is presented for heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies. Our model takes into account baryon recoil for both target and projectile, arising from the acceleration of partons in an effective field. The typical field strength (string tension) for RHIC energies is about 5-12 GeV/fm, what allows us to talk about "string ropes". The results show that QGP forms a tilted disk, such that the direction of the largest pressure gradient stays in the reaction plane, but deviates from both the beam and the usual transverse flow directions. The produced initial state can be used as an initial condition for further hydrodynamical calculations. Such initial conditions lead to the creation of third flow component. Recent $v_1$ measurements are promising that this effect can be used as a diagnostic tool of the QGP

The initial state of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision

A model for energy, pressure and flow velocity distributions at the beginning of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions is presented, which can be used as an initial condition for hydrodynamic calculations. Our model takes into account baryon recoil for both target and projectile, arising from the acceleration of partons in an effective field, produced in the collision. The typical field strength (string tension) for RHIC energies is about 5-12 GeV/fm, what allows us to talk about "string ropes". The results show that a QGP forms a tilted disk, such that the direction of the largest pressure gradient stays in the reaction plane, but deviates from both the beam and the usual transverse flow directions. Such initial conditions may lead to the creation of "antiflow" or "third flow component".Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures. The presentation has been changed considerably. Some parts of the model have been reformulated, what led to modifications in several equations: (20-38), Apps. A, B. All the figures have been changed from 100 GeV/nucl initial energy to the achieved RHIC energy of 65 GeV/nucl. The last subplots in the Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 present E=T^{00} in the laboratory frame now, instead of the energy density in the local rest frame, e, shown in the initial version. We also added the App. C to clarify the transformation from space-time to lightcone coordinates and bac

Statistical Hadronization of Supercooled Quark-Gluon Plasma

The fast simultaneous hadronization and chemical freeze out of supercooled quark-gluon plasma, created in relativistic heavy ion collisions, leads to the re-heating of the expanding matter and to the change in a collective flow profile. We use the assumption of statistical nature of the hadronization process, and study quantitatively the freeze out in the framework of hydrodynamical Bjorken model with different quark-gluon plasma equations of state.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Modified Boltzmann Transport Equation and Freeze Out

We study Freeze Out process in high energy heavy ion reaction. The description of the process is based on the Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE). We point out the basic limitations of the BTE approach and introduce Modified BTE. The Freeze Out dynamics is presented in the 4-dimensional space-time in a layer of finite thickness, and we employ Modified BTE for the realistic Freeze Out description.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure

Nonideal particle distributions from kinetic freeze-out models

In fluid dynamical models the freeze-out of particles across a three-dimensional space-time hypersurface is discussed. The calculation of final momentum distribution of emitted particles is described for freeze-out surfaces, with both spacelike and timelike normals, taking into account conservation laws across the freeze-out discontinuity