FGGY Carbohydrate Kinase Domain Containing is Induced During Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Modulates Map Kinase and AKT Signaling

Skeletal muscle atrophy can result from a range of physiological conditions, including denervation, immobilization, hindlimb unweighting, and aging. To better characterize the molecular genetic events of atrophy, a microarray was performed using skeletal muscle isolated from mice after 3 and 14 days of denervation and compared to control muscle to identify novel atrophy-induced genes. The microarray revealed that FGGY carbohydrate kinase domain containing (Fggy) is expressed in skeletal muscle and is induced in response to denervation. Bioinformatic analysis of the Fggy gene locus revealed two validated alternative isoforms, that we have termed Fggy-L-552 and Fggy-S-387, which have distinct transcription initiation sites. In order to confirm that Fggy is expressed in muscle, the cDNAs of the two validated alternative variants were cloned from myoblast cells. Interestingly, two novel alternative splice variants, designated Fggy-L-482 and Fggy-S-344, were also cloned, suggesting that at least four Fggy splice variants are expressed in skeletal muscle. Quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed using RNA isolated from muscle cells and primers designed to distinguish the four alternative Fggy transcripts. The RT-qPCR data reveals that the Fggy-L transcripts are more highly expressed during myoblast differentiation, while the Fggy-S transcripts show relatively stable expression in proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. Confocal fluorescent microscopy revealed that the Fggy-L variants appear to localize evenly throughout the cytoplasm, while the Fggy-S variants produce a more punctuate localization pattern throughout the cytoplasm of proliferating muscle cells. Finally, ectopic expression of Fggy-L-552 and Fggy-S-387 resulted in inhibition of muscle cell differentiation and attenuation of the MAP kinase and AKT signaling pathways. The characterization of novel genes induced during neurogenic atrophy helps improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular events that lead to muscle atrophy and may eventually lead to new therapeutic targets for the treatment of muscle wasting

Understanding Second-Person Point of View in Fiction

This thesis consists of a critical introduction followed by a short story and reflection. The critical introduction introduces and analyzes second-person point of view. The first section establishes a working definition for second-person narrative and maps out its unique relationship between narrator, protagonist, and reader. The second section explores the way second-person point of view is taught. The third and last section of the critical introduction focuses on the effects second-person point of view has on fiction narratives. The short fiction “Pregnancy and Other Dysfunctions” following the critical introduction demonstrates a narrative effectively using second-person point of view. It follows the experience of a disillusioned thirty-year-old woman in her attempt to control her situation and make herself a family. The second-person point of view illustrates how control is an illusion, and only once she loses control and gives up her expectations does she find happiness. Then I reflect on the successes and challenges of writing a story in the second-person point of view

Computer program developed for flowsheet calculations and process data reduction

Computer program PACER-65, is used for flowsheet calculations and easily adapted to process data reduction. Each unit, vessel, meter, and processing operation in the overall flowsheet is represented by a separate subroutine, which the program calls in the order required to complete an overall flowsheet calculation

Perancangan Interior Pusat Fashion Forever 21 Di Surabaya

Surabaya is one of the biggest cities in Indonesia. Most people whose life there has a consumptive life style, especially for those women. Surabaya has much fashion retails with its brands and facilities. But it still can\u27t fulfill what customers needs.So, with this Interior Design Fashion Center “Forever 21” in Surabaya hope can fulfill what customers needs and also can give them a new shopping experience. Forever 21 is a brand which already available in Jakarta and get positive responses from people there. Because the design concept is showing a new and interesting store, and also give a happy atmosphere for customers. This concept ‘ll be applied at display shape and interior element. This project ‘ll be supported with information center, so that people can get information about brand and fashion trend

Community College Department Chairs\u27 Leadership Styles and Faculty Utilization of Instructional Technology

This study explores the relationship between faculty utilization of instructional technology and the leadership style of mathematics and English academic department chairpersons in associate degree-granting community colleges in the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The degree to which instructional technology was utilized in teaching courses was determined through self reporting surveys answered via mail by the selected faculty and chairs in the study. The academic department chairpersons in mathematics and English departments at the selected community colleges were rated by their faculty to determine their leadership style, using the Bolman and Deal Leadership Orientations survey. The leadership styles consisted of no-, single-, paired-, and multi-frame styles and were determined based on the number of frames (structural, human resource, political, symbolic) each chair was perceived by their faculty to use. Patterns of instructional technology utilization of faculty were analyzed by leadership style of their department chair in association with the variables of academic discipline, gender, size of academic department, and length of time as department chair

Evidence, Persuasion, Diversity – and Children

Does diversity include children? The Philosophy for Children movement shows children are capable of rational argument, including philosophical debate. Yet children who argue skillfully with their peers and adult facilitators may return to parents and teachers who doubt their reasoning just because of their age. What standards of evidence and methods of persuasion could permit children and adults to participate as equals in reasoned discussions beyond the classroom

The Spitzer c2d Survey Of Nearby Dense Cores. X. Star Formation In L673 And Cb188

L673 and CB188 are two low-mass clouds isolated from large star-forming regions that were observed as part of the Spitzer Legacy Project "From Molecular Clouds to Planet Forming disks" (c2d). We identified and characterized all the young stellar objects (YSOs) of these two regions and modeled their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) to examine whether their physical properties are consistent with values predicted from the theoretical models and with the YSO properties in the c2d survey of larger clouds. Overall, 30 YSO candidates were identified by the c2d photometric criteria, 27 in L673 and 3 in CB188. We confirm the YSO nature of 29 of them and remove a false Class III candidate in L673. We further present the discovery of two new YSO candidates, one Class 0 and another possible Class I candidate in L673, therefore bringing the total number of YSO candidates to 31. Multiple sites of star formation are present within L673, closely resembling other well-studied c2d clouds containing small groups such as B59 and L1251B, whereas CB188 seems to consist of only one isolated globule-like core. We measure a star formation efficiency (SFE) of 4.6%, which resembles the SFE of the larger c2d clouds. From the SED modeling of our YSO sample we obtain envelope masses for Class I and Flat spectrum sources of 0.01-1.0 M-circle dot. The majority of Class II YSOs show disk accretion rates from 3.3 x 10(-10) to 3 x 10(-8) M-circle dot yr(-1) and disk masses that peak at 10(-4) to 10(-3) M-circle dot. Finally, we examined the possibility of thermal fragmentation in L673 as the main star-forming process. We find that the mean density of the regions where significant YSO clustering occurs is of the order of similar to 10(5) cm(-3) using 850 mu m observations and measure a Jeans Length that is greater than the near-neighbor YSO separations by approximately a factor of 3-4. We therefore suggest that other processes, such as turbulence and shock waves, may have had a significant effect on the cloud's filamentary structure and YSO clustering.University of SouthamptonNASA 1279198, 1288806, 1365763Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of TechnologyAstronom