Looking backward to look forward: water use and economic growth from a long-term perspective

Recent research has examined the relationship between natural resources and economic growth. Considered vitally important, not only for humanity’s well-being but also for ecosystem integrity, the relationship between water use and economic growth has traditionally garnered little attention by analysts. This paper studies water use trends from 1900 to 2000 throughout the world, and their main determinants. To do this, we first analyse historical water use trajectories. Second, to proceed with the determinants of water use, we reformulate the IPAT equation (Ehrlich and Holdren, 1971; Commoner et al. 1971), decomposing water use trends into changes in economic demands and in water use intensity. Finally, a simple scenario analysis is conducted, to project future water use trends under different economic, demographic and technological assumptions. The empirical evidence shows that economic and population growth have been crucial for explaining the increase in water use over the past 100 years, with significant regional differences. Nevertheless, the decline in water use intensity has been responsible for a significant reduction in the growth of total water use.Water use, environmental impacts, economic growth, IPAT model, scenario analysis

The Effect of globalization on water consumption: a case study of spanish virtual water trade, 1849-1935

This paper aims to analyse the impact on water consumption of the trade expansion of the first globalization era. To that end, we choose the case of Spain, a semi-arid country with significant cyclical water shortages that excelled as an exporter of agricultural and food products in the period of study. More specifically, we are interested in answering the following questions: What was the volume of water embodied in agricultural and food products exports, how did this variable evolve over time, what factors drove this evolution and what was the volume of water incorporated in imports of these products?. In short, we want to know the impact on water resources of Spain’s entry into agriculture and food markets. To explore these issues, we will use the concepts of virtual water and virtual water trade. First, we examine virtual water trade flows in the long run. Further, we attempt to disentangle certain major drivers underlying these trajectories. In order to establish the role played by trade in the final net balance of water, a Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) is applied. Finally, an analysis of the implications of the increase in virtual water trade on water resources is carried out.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto sobre el consume de agua de la expansión comercial de la primera globalización. Para ello hemos elegido como caso de estudio España, un país semi-árido con una significativa escasez cíclica de agua, que destacó como un gran exportador de productos agrarios y alimentos en el periodo que estudiamos. Más específicamente estamos interesados en contestar las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cuál fue el volumen de agua incorporada en las exportaciones de productos agrarios y alimentos?¿Cómo evolucionaron a lo largo del tiempo? ¿Qué factores impulsaron esta evolución? ¿Cuál fue el volumen de agua incorporada en las importaciones de este tipo de productos? En suma, queremos averiguar el impacto sobre los recursos hídricos de la creciente participación de España en los mercados internacionales agrarios. Para resolver estas cuestiones, usaremos los conceptos de agua virtual y comercio de agua virtual. Primero estudiaremos los flujos de comercio virtual de agua en el largo plazo. Más adelante, trataremos de saber cuáles han sido los principales factores impulsores de esta evolución. Para averiguar el papel jugado por el comercio en el balance neto de agua, aplicaremos un Análisis de Descomposición Estructural. Finalmente, analizaremos las implicaciones del incremento en el comercio virtual de agua sobre los recursos hídricos

La no discriminación entre trabajadores temporales e indefinidos como ejemplo en el orden social

El pronunciamiento del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en el Asunto De Diego Porras (14 de septiembre de 2016) alteró significativamente la aplicación judicial de las normas sobre régimen extintivo de los contratos temporales en España. La relevancia y los efectos de la sentencia imponen un análisis de las reacciones a dicho pronunciamiento, una valoración de su repercusión en la práctica judicial y una crítica a la técnica jurídica empleada por el Tribunal europeo en dicho pronunciamiento. Las posteriores sentencias de 5 de junio de 2018 del TJUE, que rectifican la doctrina de aquel pronunciamiento, determinan sin duda una vuelta a la situación originaria. Pero lo ocurrido con este episodio de la doctrina judicial europea brinda la ocasión para reflexionar sobre los efectos, no siempre positivos, de la tutela multinivelThe ruling of the European Court of Justice in the De Diego Porras case (14 September 2016) significantly altered the judicial application of the rules on the termination of temporary contracts in Spain. The relevance and effects of the judgment call for an analysis of the reactions to that judgment, an assessment of its impact on judicial practice and a critique of the legal technique employed by the European Court in that judgment. The subsequent judgments of 5 June 2018 of the ECJ, which rectify the doctrine of that pronouncement, undoubtedly determine a return to the original situation. In addition this episode of European judicial doctrine provides an opportunity to reflect on the effects, not always positive, of multi-level protectio

Síndrome de dispersión pigmentaria y glaucoma pigmentario: características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolución en un grupo de pacientes pertenecientes al subsistema de salud de las Fuerzas Militares Hospital Militar Central, entre los años 2000 a 2010

El trabajo pretende describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolución de un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados con Síndrome de Dispersión Pigmentaria o Glaucoma Pigmentario, en el período de 2000 al 2010, en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital Militar Central

Choroidal Thickness And Volume In Healthy Young Whites And Their Relationship With Axial Length, Ammetropy And Sex

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal thickness in young subjects using Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (EDI SD-OCT) describing volume differences between all the defined areas of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Design: Prospective, clinical study. Methods: Seventy-nine eyes of 95 healthy, young (23.8±3.2years), adult volunteers were prospectively enrolled. Manual choroidal segmentation on a 25-raster horizontal scan protocol was performed. The measurements of the nine subfields defined by the ETDRS were evaluated. Results: Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 345.67±81.80μm and mean total choroidal volume was 8.99±1.88mm3. Choroidal thickness and volume were higher at the superior and temporal areas compared to inferior and nasal sectors of the same diameter respectively. Strong correlations between subfoveal choroidal thickness and axial length (AL) and myopic refractive error were obtained, r = -0.649, p<0.001 and r = 0.473, p<0.001 respectively. Emmetropic eyes tended to have thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (381.94±79.88μm versus 307.04±64.91μm) and higher total choroidal volume than myopic eyes (9.80± 1.87mm3 versus 8.14±1.48mm3). The estimation of the variation of the subfoveal choroidal thickness with the AL was-43.84μm/mm. In the myopic group, the variation of the subfoveal choroidal thickness with the myopic refractive error was -10.45μm/D. Conclusions: This study establishes for the first time a normal database for choroidal thickness and volume in young adults. Axial length, and myopic ammetropy are highly associated with choroidal parameters in healthy subjects. EDI SD-OCT exhibited a high degree of intraobserver and interobserver repeatability.Publication of this article was supported by the Diputación General de Aragón Group B99, and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Ministry of Health) PS0901854, PI13/01124 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETICS RD12/0034/0010. FS was supported by a University of Zaragoza grant FPUZ-2011-BIO-02